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Greek Fortune

1 גד

גָּד, גַּדIII m. (b. h.; גדד, cmp. גזר) 1) decree, fate, esp. Gad ( Fortune), a god worshipped by the Babylonians and the Jewish exiles. Snh.63b ג׳ נמי מיכתב כתיב Gad is also one of the names of idols mentioned in the Bible. Sabb.67b ג׳ אינו אלא לשוןע״א Gad is nothing else than a designation of an idol, v. next w. 2) גַּד יָוָן pr. n. Gad Yavan ( Greek Fortune) near Jerusalem. Zab. I, 5 כְּמִן ג׳ י׳ לשילוח as long as it takes from G. Y. to Siloah; Tosef. ib. I, 10 כְּמִגַּדְיָוָן לשילה; Snh.63b כְּמִיגַּדְיָוָן לשילה (corr. acc.)( Gad Yavan is prob. the name of a pool connected with the Siloah, perh. Fount of the Virgin, v. Sm. Bible Dict. s. v. Siloam. Toh.VI, 6; Erub.22b בית גד גד, v. גִּלְגּוּל.

Jewish literature > גד
2 גד III

גָּד, גַּדIII m. (b. h.; גדד, cmp. גזר) 1) decree, fate, esp. Gad ( Fortune), a god worshipped by the Babylonians and the Jewish exiles. Snh.63b ג׳ נמי מיכתב כתיב Gad is also one of the names of idols mentioned in the Bible. Sabb.67b ג׳ אינו אלא לשוןע״א Gad is nothing else than a designation of an idol, v. next w. 2) גַּד יָוָן pr. n. Gad Yavan ( Greek Fortune) near Jerusalem. Zab. I, 5 כְּמִן ג׳ י׳ לשילוח as long as it takes from G. Y. to Siloah; Tosef. ib. I, 10 כְּמִגַּדְיָוָן לשילה; Snh.63b כְּמִיגַּדְיָוָן לשילה (corr. acc.)( Gad Yavan is prob. the name of a pool connected with the Siloah, perh. Fount of the Virgin, v. Sm. Bible Dict. s. v. Siloam. Toh.VI, 6; Erub.22b בית גד גד, v. גִּלְגּוּל.

Jewish literature > גד III
3 גָּד

גָּד, גַּדIII m. (b. h.; גדד, cmp. גזר) 1) decree, fate, esp. Gad ( Fortune), a god worshipped by the Babylonians and the Jewish exiles. Snh.63b ג׳ נמי מיכתב כתיב Gad is also one of the names of idols mentioned in the Bible. Sabb.67b ג׳ אינו אלא לשוןע״א Gad is nothing else than a designation of an idol, v. next w. 2) גַּד יָוָן pr. n. Gad Yavan ( Greek Fortune) near Jerusalem. Zab. I, 5 כְּמִן ג׳ י׳ לשילוח as long as it takes from G. Y. to Siloah; Tosef. ib. I, 10 כְּמִגַּדְיָוָן לשילה; Snh.63b כְּמִיגַּדְיָוָן לשילה (corr. acc.)( Gad Yavan is prob. the name of a pool connected with the Siloah, perh. Fount of the Virgin, v. Sm. Bible Dict. s. v. Siloam. Toh.VI, 6; Erub.22b בית גד גד, v. גִּלְגּוּל.

Jewish literature > גָּד
4 גַּד

גָּד, גַּדIII m. (b. h.; גדד, cmp. גזר) 1) decree, fate, esp. Gad ( Fortune), a god worshipped by the Babylonians and the Jewish exiles. Snh.63b ג׳ נמי מיכתב כתיב Gad is also one of the names of idols mentioned in the Bible. Sabb.67b ג׳ אינו אלא לשוןע״א Gad is nothing else than a designation of an idol, v. next w. 2) גַּד יָוָן pr. n. Gad Yavan ( Greek Fortune) near Jerusalem. Zab. I, 5 כְּמִן ג׳ י׳ לשילוח as long as it takes from G. Y. to Siloah; Tosef. ib. I, 10 כְּמִגַּדְיָוָן לשילה; Snh.63b כְּמִיגַּדְיָוָן לשילה (corr. acc.)( Gad Yavan is prob. the name of a pool connected with the Siloah, perh. Fount of the Virgin, v. Sm. Bible Dict. s. v. Siloam. Toh.VI, 6; Erub.22b בית גד גד, v. גִּלְגּוּל.

Jewish literature > גַּד
5 spielen

I vt/i

1. allg. play (auch Schach, Karten etc.); Klavier / Geige / Schlagzeug spielen play the piano / violin / percussion ( Jazz: drums); Trumpf / eine andere Farbe spielen play a trump / a different suit; Fangen / Verstecken spielen play tag / hide-and-seek; falsch spielen MUS. play a wrong note ( oder the wrong note[s]); den Kindern beim Spielen zuschauen watch the children (at) play; zum Spielen rauskommen come out to play; mit dem Bleistift spielen fiddle ( oder play) around with one’s pencil; mit Worten spielen play (around) with words; das Radio spielt den ganzen Tag umg. the radio is on all day

2. bei einem Glücksspiel: gamble (um for); Lotto / Roulette / an Automaten spielen go in for ( oder play) the lottery / play roulette / play on the machines; falsch spielen cheat; aus Leidenschaft spielen have a passion for gambling; hoch / niedrig spielen play for high / low stakes; sich um sein Vermögen spielen gamble away one’s fortune; mit seinem Leben spielen fig. gamble with one’s life, put one’s life at risk

3. SPORT: gut / schlecht spielen play well / badly; unentschieden spielen gegen draw (Am. auch tie) with; 3:0 spielen win 3-0; zu Null spielen Fußball etc.: keep a clean sheet; Tennis etc.: win the game to love; A spielte gegen B A played (against) B; den Ball spielen (nicht foulen) play the ball; den Ball zu X spielen play ( oder pass) the ball to X; den Ball hoch / flach spielen play the ball in the air / along the ground; ( den Ball) mit Effet spielen make the ball swerve; Billard: put side on the ball; Libero / im Mittelfeld spielen play as a sweeper / in midfield; bei oder für Ajax spielen play for Ajax; sich an die Spitze spielen work one’s ( Mannschaft: their) way to the top (of the table); auf nassem Boden spielt es sich schwer playing on a wet pitch (Am. field) is difficult

4. THEAT. (aufführen) play, perform; (Film) show; spielen in (+Dat) Szene, Stück: be set in; Programm, Film: be on at; spielen an (+ Dat) Stück: be on at; Schauspieler: be (engaged) at; was wird heute Abend gespielt? what’s on tonight?; wann spielen sie wieder Hamlet? when are they performing (umg. doing) Hamlet again?; heute wird nicht gespielt there’s no performance tonight; der Film spielt schon wochenlang the film has been on ( oder running) for weeks; was wird hier gespielt? umg. what’s going on here?

5. (Rolle) play, act; den Hamlet / die Hauptrolle spielen play Hamlet / the lead; gut / schlecht spielen act well / badly, give a good / bad performance; den Gastgeber spielen umg., fig. play the host; ich mag nicht den ganzen Tag Hausfrau spielen umg. I don’t want to be stuck with being a housewife all day; den Beleidigten spielen umg. act (all) offended; den Kranken spielen umg. pretend to be ill; die feine Dame / den Boss spielen umg. act genteel, put on airs / act the boss; der Chef / mein Computer / das Wetter spielt verrückt umg., fig. the boss is being impossible / my computer is playing up / the weather’s gone crazy; gespielt

6. fig.: mit jemandem spielen play around with s.o., mess s.o. about; er lässt nicht mit sich spielen he’s not one to mess around ( oder to be trifled) with; mit dem Gedanken spielen, etw. zu tun toy with the idea of doing s.th.; mit dem Feuer spielen play with fire; jemandem etw. in die Hände spielen play s.th. into s.o.’s hands; ein falsches Spiel spielen play false

7. fig.: spielen lassen bring into play; die Muskeln spielen lassen flex one’s muscles; seine Beziehungen spielen lassen pull a few strings; seinen Charme spielen lassen use one’s charms; Mann: auch turn on the charm

8. fig.: in allen Farben spielen sparkle in all colo(u)rs, iridesce; ins Rötliche spielen have a reddish tinge; Geige, krank, Rolle2, Theater 2, 4, Wand etc.

* * *

(Glücksspiel) to gamble;

(Schauspiel) to act; to perform; to play; to do;

(Spiel) to play;

(Spielzeug) to toy

* * *
spie|len ['ʃpiːlən]
1. vt
to play
Klavier/Flöte spíélen — to play the piano/the flute

was wird heute im Theater/Kino gespielt? — what's on at the theatre (Brit) or theater (US)/cinema today?, what's playing at the theatre (Brit) or theater (US)/what's showing at the cinema today?

sie spíélen einen Film von... — they're showing a film by...

das Stück war sehr gut gespielt — the play was very well acted or performed or done

wir haben die Mutter Courage in Stuttgart gespielt — we played Mother Courage in Stuttgart

den Unschuldigen spíélen — to play the innocent

den Beleidigten spíélen — to act all offended

sie spielt die große Dame — she's playing or acting the grand lady or the grand old dame (US)

am Sonntag musste ich mal wieder Klempner spíélen — on Sunday I had to do my plumber's act again

was wird hier gespielt? (inf) — what's going on here?

See:

→ Herr

2. vi
to play; (THEAT ) (Schauspieler) to act, to play; (Stück) to be on, to be playing; (Film) to be on, to be showing; (beim Glücksspiel) to gamble
die Mannschaft hat gut/schlecht etc gespielt — the team had a good/bad etc game, the team played well/badly etc

bei ihm spielt das Radio den ganzen Tag — he has the radio on all day

seine Beziehungen spíélen lassen — to bring one's connections to bear or into play

seine Muskeln spíélen lassen — to ripple one's muscles

wie das Leben so spielt — life's funny like that

in der Hauptrolle spielt X — X is playing the lead

das Stück spielt im 18. Jahrhundert/in Italien — the play is set in the 18th century/in Italy

nervös spielte er mit dem Bleistift — he played or toyed nervously with the pencil

mit dem Gedanken spíélen, etw zu tun — to toy or play with the idea of doing sth

mit jdm/jds Liebe/Gefühlen spíélen — to play (around) with sb/sb's affections/feelings

ein Lächeln spielte um ihre Lippen — a smile played about her lips

ihr Haar spielt ins Rötliche — her hair has a reddish tinge

3. vr

sich müde spíélen — to tire oneself out playing

sich warm spíélen — to warm up

sich in den Vordergrund spíélen — to push oneself into the foreground

auf nassem Boden spielt es sich schlecht (Sport) — wet ground isn't very good to play on

See:

→ auch gespielt

* * *

1) (to perform (a part) in a play: He has acted (the part of Romeo) in many theatres; I thought he was dying, but he was only acting (= pretending).) act

2) (to risk losing money on the result of a horse-race etc.) gamble

3) gambling

4) (to amuse oneself: The child is playing in the garden; He is playing with his toys; The little girl wants to play with her friends.) play

5) (to take part in (games etc): He plays football; He is playing in goal; Here's a pack of cards - who wants to play (with me)?; I'm playing golf with him this evening.) play

6) (to act in a play etc; to act (a character): She's playing Lady Macbeth; The company is playing in London this week.) play

7) ((of a play etc) to be performed: `Oklahoma' is playing at the local theatre.) play

8) (to (be able to) perform on (a musical instrument): She plays the piano; Who was playing the piano this morning?; He plays (the oboe) in an orchestra.) play

9) ((usually with on) to carry out or do (a trick): He played a trick on me.) play

10) ((usually with at) to compete against (someone) in a game etc: I'll play you at tennis.) play

11) ((of light) to pass with a flickering movement: The firelight played across the ceiling.) play

12) (to pretend to be etc: The children were playing at cowboys and Indians.) play at

13) (to act (in the theatre etc) or do anything musical, theatrical etc to entertain an audience: The company will perform a Greek play; She performed on the violin.) perform

14) strike

15) ((with with) to play with in an idle way: He wasn't hungry and sat toying with his food.) toy

* * *

spie·len

[ˈʃpi:lən]

I. vt

1. (mit einem Spiel beschäftigt sein)

▪ etw \spielen to play sth

Lotto \spielen to play the lottery

2. (können)

Basketball/Schach/Tennis \spielen to play basketball/chess/tennis

Gitarre/Klavier \spielen to play the guitar/piano

3. MUS (vortragen)

▪ etw \spielen to play sth

4. FILM, THEAT (darstellen)

▪ jdn/etw \spielen to play sb/sth

die Rolle war schlecht gespielt the role [or part] was acted badly

5. FILM, THEAT (aufführen)

einen Film \spielen to show a film

was wird im Kino gerade gespielt? what's on [or showing] at the cinema at the moment?

im Theater wird heute Abend ein Stück von Brecht gespielt one of Brecht's plays is on at the theatre tonight

6. (vortäuschen)

den Ahnungslosen/Unschuldigen \spielen to act [or play] the ignorant/innocent, to pretend to be ignorant/innocent

7. (Rolle haben)

▪ jdn \spielen to act [or play] sb

den Gastgeber \spielen to play [or act] the host, to put on the host act

8. SPORT (Position innehaben)

Mittelstürmer \spielen to play centre-forward

9. (Ball etc. bewegen)

den Ball irgendwie/irgendwohin \spielen to play the ball somehow/somewhere

den Ball zu jdm \spielen to pass sb the ball

10. (etw im Spiel einsetzen)

eine Karte \spielen to play a card

11.

▶ was wird hier gespielt? (fam) what's going on here?; s.a. Streich, Vordergrund

II. vi

1. (sich beschäftigen)

▪ [irgendwo] \spielen to play [somewhere]

2. (musizieren) to play

falsch \spielen to play a wrong note

3. FILM, THEAT (auftreten)

er hat wieder einmal hervorragend gespielt he gave another marvellous performance

er spielt am Stadttheater he's engaged at the municipal theatre

gut/schlecht \spielen to play [or act] well/badly [or perform]

▪ in etw dat \spielen to star in sth

in der Hauptrolle \spielen to play the lead

vor vollem Haus \spielen to play to a full house

4. FILM, LIT, THEAT (als Szenario haben)

▪ irgendwann/irgendwo \spielen to be set in some time/place

Macbeth spielt im Schottland des 11. Jahrhunderts Macbeth is set in 11th-century Scotland

5. SPORT (ein Match austragen)

gegen jdn/ein Team \spielen to play [against] sb/a team

gut/schlecht \spielen to play well/badly

unentschieden \spielen to draw

6. (Glücksspiel betreiben) to gamble

um Geld \spielen to play for money

7. (nicht ernst nehmen)

▪ mit jdm/etw \spielen to play [around] with sb/sth

mit den Gefühlen einer Person gen \spielen to play with sb's feelings

8. (nicht in Ruhe lassen)

mit etw dat \spielen to play with sth

sie spielte mit ihrer Gabel she was playing [or fiddling] around with her fork

9. (leicht bewegen)

▪ irgendwo/mit etw dat \spielen to play somewhere/with sth

der Wind spielte mit dem Laub the wind was playing with the leaves

10. (übergehen)

▪ in etw akk \spielen to have a tinge of sth

das Grün spielt ins Türkis this green has a turquoise tinge

11. (in Betrieb sein) Radio to be on

12. (einsetzen)

etw \spielen lassen to bring sth into play

seinen Charme \spielen lassen to use one's charms

III. vr impers

sich akk gut/schlecht \spielen to be good/not very good to play on

auf einem nassen Platz spielt es sich sehr schlecht a wet pitch isn't very good to play on

* * *
1.
intransitives Verb

1) play

um die Meisterschaft spielen — play for the championship

sie haben 1:0 gespielt — the match ended 1-0

auf der Gitarre spielen — play the guitar

er kann vom Blatt/nach Noten spielen — he can sight-read/play from music

2) (um Geld) play

er begann zu trinken und zu spielen — he began to drink and to gamble

um Geld spielen — play for money

3) (als Schauspieler) act; perform

4) (sich abspielen)

der Film spielt in Berlin — the film is set in Berlin

5) (fig.): (sich bewegen) <wind, water, etc.> play

seine Muskeln spielen lassen — flex one's muscles

seinen Charme/seine Beziehungen spielen lassen — (fig.) bring one's charm/connections to bear

6) (fig.): (übergehen)

das Blau spielt ins Violette — the blue is tinged with purple
2.
transitives Verb

1) play

Räuber und Gendarm spielen — play cops and robbers

Cowboy spielen — play at being a cowboy

Geige usw. spielen — play the violin etc.

Trumpf/Pik/ein As spielen — play a trump/spades/an ace

2) (aufführen, vorführen) put on < play>; show < film>; perform < piece of music>; play < record>

was wird hier gespielt? — (fig. ugs.) what's going on here?

3) (schauspielerisch darstellen) play < role>

den Beleidigten/Unschuldigen spielen — (fig.) act offended/play the innocent

sein Interesse war [nur] gespielt — he [only] pretended to be interested; his interest was [merely] feigned

4) (Sport): (werfen, treten, schlagen) play

einen Ball mit Rückhand spielen — play a ball backhand
3.
reflexives Verb

sich warm spielen — warm up

* * *

spielen v/t & v/i

1. allg play (auch Schach, Karten etc);

Klavier/Geige/Schlagzeug spielen play the piano/violin/percussion ( Jazz: drums);

Trumpf/eine andere Farbe spielen play a trump/a different suit;

Fangen/Verstecken spielen play tag/hide-and-seek;

falsch spielen MUS play a wrong note ( oder the wrong note[s]);

den Kindern beim Spielen zuschauen watch the children (at) play;

zum Spielen rauskommen come out to play;

mit dem Bleistift spielen fiddle ( oder play) around with one’s pencil;

mit Worten spielen play (around) with words;

das Radio spielt den ganzen Tag umg the radio is on all day

2. bei einem Glücksspiel: gamble (

um for);

Lotto/Roulette/an Automaten spielen go in for ( oder play) the lottery/play roulette/play on the machines;

aus Leidenschaft spielen have a passion for gambling;

hoch/niedrig spielen play for high/low stakes;

sich um sein Vermögen spielen gamble away one’s fortune;

mit seinem Leben spielen fig gamble with one’s life, put one’s life at risk

3. SPORT:

gut/schlecht spielen play well/badly;

unentschieden spielen gegen draw (US auch tie) with;

3:0 spielen win 3-0;

zu Null spielen Fußball etc: keep a clean sheet; Tennis etc: win the game to love;

A spielte gegen B A played (against) B;

den Ball spielen (nicht foulen) play the ball;

den Ball zu X spielen play ( oder pass) the ball to X;

den Ball hoch/flach spielen play the ball in the air/along the ground;

(den Ball) mit Effet spielen make the ball swerve; Billard: put side on the ball;

Libero/im Mittelfeld spielen play as a sweeper/in midfield;

bei oder

für Ajax spielen play for Ajax;

sich an die Spitze spielen work one’s ( Mannschaft: their) way to the top (of the table);

auf nassem Boden spielt es sich schwer playing on a wet pitch (US field) is difficult

4. THEAT (aufführen) play, perform; (Film) show;

spielen in (+dat) Szene, Stück: be set in; Programm, Film: be on at;

spielen an (+dat) Stück: be on at; Schauspieler: be (engaged) at;

was wird heute Abend gespielt? what’s on tonight?;

wann spielen sie wieder Hamlet? when are they performing (umg doing) Hamlet again?;

heute wird nicht gespielt there’s no performance tonight;

der Film spielt schon wochenlang the film has been on ( oder running) for weeks;

was wird hier gespielt? umg what’s going on here?

5. (Rolle) play, act;

den Hamlet/die Hauptrolle spielen play Hamlet/the lead;

gut/schlecht spielen act well/badly, give a good/bad performance;

den Gastgeber spielen umg, fig play the host;

ich mag nicht den ganzen Tag Hausfrau spielen umg I don’t want to be stuck with being a housewife all day;

den Beleidigten spielen umg act (all) offended;

den Kranken spielen umg pretend to be ill;

die feine Dame/den Boss spielen umg act genteel, put on airs/act the boss;

der Chef/mein Computer/das Wetter spielt verrückt umg, fig the boss is being impossible/my computer is playing up/the weather’s gone crazy; → gespielt

6. fig:

mit jemandem spielen play around with sb, mess sb about;

er lässt nicht mit sich spielen he’s not one to mess around ( oder to be trifled) with;

mit dem Gedanken spielen, etwas zu tun toy with the idea of doing sth;

mit dem Feuer spielen play with fire;

jemandem etwas in die Hände spielen play sth into sb’s hands;

ein falsches Spiel spielen play false

7. fig:

spielen lassen bring into play;

die Muskeln spielen lassen flex one’s muscles;

seine Beziehungen spielen lassen pull a few strings;

seinen Charme spielen lassen use one’s charms; Mann: auch turn on the charm

8. fig:

in allen Farben spielen sparkle in all colo(u)rs, iridesce;

ins Rötliche spielen have a reddish tinge; → Geige, krank, Rolle², Theater 2, 4, Wand etc

* * *
1.
intransitives Verb

1) play

um die Meisterschaft spielen — play for the championship

sie haben 1:0 gespielt — the match ended 1-0

auf der Gitarre spielen — play the guitar

er kann vom Blatt/nach Noten spielen — he can sight-read/play from music

2) (um Geld) play

er begann zu trinken und zu spielen — he began to drink and to gamble

um Geld spielen — play for money

3) (als Schauspieler) act; perform

4) (sich abspielen)

der Film spielt in Berlin — the film is set in Berlin

5) (fig.): (sich bewegen) <wind, water, etc.> play

seine Muskeln spielen lassen — flex one's muscles

seinen Charme/seine Beziehungen spielen lassen — (fig.) bring one's charm/connections to bear

6) (fig.): (übergehen)

das Blau spielt ins Violette — the blue is tinged with purple
2.
transitives Verb

1) play

Räuber und Gendarm spielen — play cops and robbers

Cowboy spielen — play at being a cowboy

Geige usw. spielen — play the violin etc.

Trumpf/Pik/ein As spielen — play a trump/spades/an ace

2) (aufführen, vorführen) put on < play>; show < film>; perform < piece of music>; play < record>

was wird hier gespielt? — (fig. ugs.) what's going on here?

3) (schauspielerisch darstellen) play < role>

den Beleidigten/Unschuldigen spielen — (fig.) act offended/play the innocent

sein Interesse war [nur] gespielt — he [only] pretended to be interested; his interest was [merely] feigned

4) (Sport): (werfen, treten, schlagen) play

einen Ball mit Rückhand spielen — play a ball backhand
3.
reflexives Verb

sich warm spielen — warm up

* * *

n.

playing n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > spielen
6 manger

manger [mɑ̃ʒe]

➭ TABLE 3

1. transitive verb

   a. to eat

• manger dans un bol to eat out of a bowl

• il ne mange rien en ce moment he's off his food at present

• faire manger qn to feed sb

• faire manger qch à qn to give sb sth to eat

• donner à manger à un bébé to feed a baby

• finis de manger ! eat up!

• on mange bien ici the food is good here

• on mange mal ici the food is bad here

• les enfants ne mangent pas à leur faim à l'école the children don't get enough to eat at school

• manger au restaurant to eat out

• c'est l'heure de manger (midi) it's lunchtime ; (soir) it's dinnertime

• inviter qn à manger to invite sb for a meal

• boire en mangeant to drink with one's meal

• manger à tous les râteliers to cash in in every way possible (inf)

• manger le morceau (inf) ( = parler) to spill the beans (inf!)

   b. [+ fortune, économies] to squander

• l'entreprise mange de l'argent the business is swallowing up money

• manger ses mots to swallow one's words

2. reflexive verb

► se manger

   a. ( = être mangé)

le concombre se mange en salade cucumbers are usually eaten as a salad

• cela se mange ? can you eat it?

• ce plat se mange très chaud this dish should be eaten piping hot

   b. ( = se cogner dans) se manger une porte (inf!) to walk into a door

* * *
mɑ̃ʒe
1.

verbe transitif

1) ( consommer) to eat

il n'y a rien à manger dans la maison — there's no food in the house

qu'est-ce qu'on mange à midi? — what's for lunch?

je ne vais pas te manger! — (colloq) fig I won't eat you! (colloq); enragé, grive, soupe

2) ( dépenser) to use up [économies]; to go through [héritage]; [activité] to take up [temps]

3) ( attaquer) [rouille, acide] to eat away [métal]; [mites] to eat [laine]

être mangé aux or par les rats — to be gnawed by rats

se faire manger par les moustiques — to be eaten alive by mosquitoes

se faire manger par son concurrent — to be devoured by one's competitor

4) ( mal articuler)

manger ses mots — to mumble

2.

verbe intransitif ( se nourrir) to eat

ils viendront te manger dans la main — lit, fig you'll have them eating out of your hand

manger à sa faim — to eat one's fill

donner à manger à — to feed [bébé]; to give [somebody] something to eat [pauvre]

faire à manger — to cook

manger froid — ( un plat refroidi) to eat [something] cold; ( un repas froid) to have a cold meal

inviter quelqu'un à manger — to invite somebody for a meal

je vous invite à manger dimanche midi — ( au restaurant) let me take you to lunch on Sunday; ( chez soi) come to lunch on Sunday

manger chinois — to have a Chinese meal

manger au restaurant — to eat out

on mange mal ici — the food is not good here

3.

se manger verbe pronominal

le gaspacho se mange froid — gazpacho is served cold

le poulet peut se manger avec les doigts — you can eat chicken with your fingers; loup

••

manger la consigne — to forget one's orders

* * *
mɑ̃ʒe
1. vt

1) (= se nourrir) to eat

2) (= ronger) to eat into

3) (= utiliser, consommer) to eat up

2. vi

to eat

* * *

manger verb table: manger

A ○nm ( nourriture) food; apporter son manger to bring one's own food.

B vtr

1 ( consommer) to eat [nourriture]; manger du pain/des cerises/un poulet to eat bread/cherries/a chicken; il n'y a rien à manger dans la maison there's no food in the house; qu'est-ce qu'on mange à midi? what's for lunch?; je ne vais pas te/la manger○! fig I won't eat you/her○!; on en mangerait he/she/it is good enough to eat; ⇒ blé, enragé, grive, pain, soupe;

2 ( dépenser) [personne] to use up [capital, économies]; to go through [fortune, héritage]; [inflation] to eat away at [profits, économies]; [activité] to take up [temps, journées]; manger l'argent de qn [dépenses] to eat up sb's money; [personne] to go through sb's money;

3 ( recouvrir) [barbe] to hide [visage]; visage mangé par la barbe face hidden by a beard;

4 ( attaquer) [rouille, pluie, acide] to eat away [métal]; [mites] to eat [laine]; être mangé aux rats to be gnawed by rats; être mangé or se faire manger par les moustiques to be eaten alive by mosquitoes; être mangé par l'inquiétude to be consumed with anxiety; se faire manger par son concurrent to be devoured by the competition;

5 ( mal articuler) manger ses mots not to speak clearly, to mumble.

C vi ( se nourrir) to eat; manger dans une assiette/dans un bol to eat from ou off a plate/out of a bowl; manger dans la main de qn lit to eat out of sb's hand; ils viendront te manger dans la main fig you'll have them eating out of your hand; manger à sa faim to eat one's fill; donner à manger à to feed [bébé, animal]; to give [sb] something to eat [pauvre]; donner or faire à manger à to cook for [famille]; je leur ai donné des légumes à manger I gave them some vegetables; manger froid ( un plat refroidi) to eat [sth] cold [soupe, quiche]; ( un repas froid) to have a cold meal; inviter qn à manger to invite sb for a meal; je vous invite à manger à midi let me take you to lunch; manger chinois/grec to have a Chinese/Greek meal; manger au restaurant to eat out; on mange mal ici the food is not good here; avoir fini de manger to have finished one's meal.

D se manger vpr le gaspacho se mange froid gazpacho is served cold; le poulet peut se manger avec les doigts you can eat chicken with your fingers; ⇒ loup, vengeance.

Idiome

manger la consigne or commission to forget one's orders.

I

[mɑ̃ʒe] nom masculin

food, meal

je suis en train de lui faire son manger (familier) I'm getting his food ready (for him)

II

[mɑ̃ʒe] verbe transitif

1. [pour s'alimenter] to eat

manger un sandwich

a. to eat a sandwich

b. [au lieu d'un repas] to have a sandwich

elle mange de tout she'll eat anything, she's not a fussy eater

elle a tout mangé she's eaten it all up

tu mangeras bien un morceau? you'll have a bite to eat, won't you?

qu'est-ce que vous avez mangé aujourd'hui à la cantine, les enfants? what did you have (to eat) for dinner at school today, children?

on en mangerait it looks good enough to eat

on s'est fait manger par les moustiques (familier & figuré) we were bitten to death by mosquitoes

manger de la vache enragée (familier) to have a hard time of it

il a mangé du lion aujourd'hui (familier) he's full of beans today

il ne mange pas de ce pain-là he doesn't go in for that sort of thing, that's not his cup of tea

il peut me manger la soupe sur la tête

a. (familier) [il est beaucoup plus grand] he's a head taller than me

b. [il est bien meilleur] he's miles better than me

manger le morceau (familier) to talk, to sing (très familier)

manger les pissenlits par la racine (familier) to be pushing up (the) daisies

2. (figuré) to eat

elle ne va pas te manger! she's not going to eat ou to bite you!

elle le mangeait des yeux

a. [personne] she (just) couldn't take her eyes off him

b. [objet] she gazed longingly at it

manger quelqu'un de baisers to smother somebody with kisses

il est mignon, on le mangerait! he's so cute I could eat him (all up)!

3. [ronger]

manger ses ongles to bite one's nails

couvertures mangées aux mites ou par les mites moth-eaten blankets

une statue mangée par l'air marin a statue eaten away by the sea air

4. [prendre toute la place dans]

tes cheveux te mangent la figure your hair is hiding your face

elle avait de grands yeux qui lui mangeaient le visage her eyes seemed to take up her whole face

5. [négliger]

manger ses mots ou la moitié des mots to swallow one's words, to mumble, to mutter

6. [dépenser] to get through (inseparable)

manger son capital to eat up one's capital

la chaudière mange un stère de bois tous les cinq jours the boiler gets through ou eats up ou consumes a cubic metre of wood every five days

manger son blé en herbe to spend one's money even before one gets it

on peut toujours essayer, ça ne mange pas de pain (familier) we can always have a go, it won't cost us anything

————————

[mɑ̃ʒe] verbe intransitif

1. [s'alimenter] to eat

manger dans une assiette to eat off a plate

apprends-lui à manger correctement à table teach her some (proper) table manners

il a bien mangé [en quantité ou en qualité] he's eaten well

il faut manger léger you should eat light meals

manger à sa faim to eat one's fill

nous ne mangions pas tous les jours à notre faim we didn't always have enough food ou enough to eat

faire manger quelqu'un to feed somebody

manger comme un cochon (familier) to eat like a pig

manger comme quatre (familier) ou comme un ogre ou comme un chancre (très familier) to eat like a horse

manger comme un moineau to eat like a sparrow

manger du bout des dents to pick at one's food

manger sur le pouce to have a snack, to grab a bite to eat

il faut manger pour vivre et non pas vivre pour manger Molière (allusion) one must eat to live and not live to eat

il mange à tous les râteliers (péjoratif) he's got a finger in every pie

2. [participer à un repas] to eat

venez manger! [à table!] come and get it!

venez manger demain soir come to dinner tomorrow evening

ils m'ont demandé de rester manger they asked me to stay for a meal

inviter quelqu'un à manger

a. [chez soi] to ask somebody round to eat

b. [au restaurant] to ask somebody out for a meal

allez, je vous invite à manger [au restaurant] come on, I'll buy you a meal

on a eu les Michaud à manger (familier) we had the Michauds round for a meal

manger dehors ou au restaurant to eat out

c'est un restaurant simple mais on y mange bien it's an unpretentious restaurant, but the food is good

3. [comme locution nominale]

je veux à manger I want something to eat

as-tu eu assez à manger? have you had enough to eat?

donne à manger au chat feed the cat

faire à manger à quelqu'un to make something to eat for somebody

que veux-tu que je fasse à manger ce soir? what would you like me to cook ou to make for dinner (tonight)?

————————

se manger verbe pronominal (emploi passif)

to be eaten

ça se mange avec de la mayonnaise you eat it ou it is served with mayonnaise

cette partie ne se mange pas you don't eat that part, that part shouldn't be eaten ou isn't edible

————————

se manger verbe pronominal (emploi réciproque)

(familier) [se disputer] to have a set-to

se manger le nez to quarrel

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > manger
7 श्रेयस्

ṡréyas
mfn. (either compar. of ṡrī, orﾠ rather accord. toﾠ native authorities of ṡrī-mat orﾠ praṡasya;

cf. Greek. κρείων) more splendid orﾠ beautiful,
more excellent orﾠ distinguished, superior, preferable, better, better than (with abl. orﾠ with na seeﾠ below) RV. etc. etc.;
most excellent, best MBh. III, 1256 ;
propitious, well disposed to (gen.) ib. I, 3020 ;
auspicious, fortunate, conducive to welfare orﾠ prosperity Kāv. Hit. MārkP. ;
m. (in astron.) N. of the second Muhūrta;
of the third month (accord. toﾠ a partic. reckoning);
(with Jainas) N. of the 11th Arhat of the present Avasarpiṇī L. ;
( ṡreyasī) f. N. of various plants (accord. toﾠ L. Terminalia Chebula orﾠ Citrina;
Clypea Hernandifolia;
Scindapsus Officinalis;
= rāsnā, ambashṭhā andﾠ priyaṅgu) Car. Bhpr. etc.;
N. of a deity of the Bodhi tree Lalit. ;
(as) n. the better state, the better fortune orﾠ condition (sometimes used when the subject of a sentence would seem to require the masc. form) AV. TS. Br. Kauṡ. ;
good (as opp. to « evil»), welfare, bliss, fortune, happiness KaṭhUp. MBh. etc.;
the bliss of final emancipation, felicity ( seeﾠ ṡreyaḥ-pariṡrāma);
ind. better, rather, rather than (used like varam <q.v.> with na;
e.g.. ṡreyomṛitaṉnajīvitam, « better is death andﾠ not life» orﾠ « rather than life», orﾠ « death is better than life») MBh. R. etc.;
= dharma L. ;
N. of a Sāman. ĀrshBr. ;
- श्रेयस्कर
- श्रेयस्काम
- श्रेयस्कृत्
- श्रेयस्तर
- श्रेयस्त्व

Sanskrit-English dictionary > श्रेयस्
8 venir

v.

1 to come.

venir a/de hacer algo to come to do something/from doing something

venir de algo to come from something (proceder, derivarse)

venir a alguien con algo to come to somebody with something

no me vengas con exigencias don't come to me making demands

el año que viene next year

Una persona vino A person came.

2 to arrive.

vino a las doce he arrived at twelve o'clock

3 to be.

su foto viene en primera página his photo is o appears on the front page

el texto viene en inglés the text is in English

vienen en todos los tamaños they come in every size

las anchoas vienen en lata anchovies come in tins

Ella venía cantando por la calle She was singing in the street.

4 to receive.

Me vino un telegrama I received a telegram.

5 to come up, to blow up.

6 to be the host for.

Nos vinieron tres personas We were the host for three people.

7 to come to.

Nos vino una idea An idea came to us.

* * *

VENIR

CONJUGACIÓN

Present Indicative

vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen.

Past Indicative

vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinisteis, vinieron.

Future Indicative

vendré, vendrás, vendrá, vendremos, vendréis, vendrán.

Conditional

vendría, vendrías, vendría, vendríamos, vendríais, vendrían.

Present Subjunctive

venga, vengas, venga, vengamos, vengáis, vengan.

Imperfect Subjunctive

viniera, vinieras, viniera, viniéramos, vinierais, vinieran;

viniese, vinieses, viniese, viniésemos, vinieseis, viniesen.

Future Subjunctive

viniere, vinieres, viniere, viniéremos, viniereis, vinieren.

Imperative

ven (tú), venga (él/Vd.), vengamos (nos.), venid (vos.), vengan (ellos/Vds.).

* * *

verb

1) to come

2) arrive

3) fit

4) follow, come after

•

- venirse abajo

* * *
Para las expresiones venir al caso, venir de lejos, venir a las manos, venir a menos, venir a pelo, venir de perlas, venirse abajo, venirse encima, ver la otra entrada.
1. VERBO INTRANSITIVO

1) (a un lugar) to come

vino a Córdoba desde Barcelona — he came to Córdoba from Barcelona

¡ven acá o aquí! — come (over) here!

vino en taxi — he came by taxi

—

vinieron a verme al hospital — they came to see me in hospital

me vienen a recoger en coche — they're coming to pick me up in the car

•¿y todo esto a quéviene? — what's all this in aid of?

¿a qué vienen tantos llantos? — what's all this crying about?

¿y ahora a qué vienes? — what do you want now?

• hacer venir a algn, le hicieron venir desde Londres — they had him come (all the way) from London

hicieron venir al médico — they sent for the doctor, they called out the doctor

• venir (a) por algn/algo — to come for sb/sth

vinieron (a) por el enfermo — they came to pick up the patient, they came for the patient

han venido (a) por el coche — they've come to pick up the car, they've come for the car

venirle a algn con —

no me vengas con historias — don't give me any of your stories

2) (=volver)

¡enseguida o ahora vengo! — I'll be right back! *

cuando vinimos de las vacaciones todo estaba sucio — when we got back from our holiday everything was dirty

3) (=estar) to be

la noticia venía en el periódico — the news was in the paper

viene en la página 47 — it's on page 47

esta palabra no viene en el diccionario — this word isn't in the dictionary

el texto viene en castellano — the text is (written) in Spanish

viene en varios colores — it comes in several colours

4) (=ocurrir) to come

la guerra y todo lo que vino después — the war and everything that happened o came afterwards

ahora viene lo mejor de la película — this is the best bit in the film, the best bit in the film is coming up now

lo veía venir — I could see it coming

- estar a verlas venir

- venga lo que venga

- venir rodado

- las desgracias nunca vienen solas

5) venir de (=provenir) to come from

esta palabra viene del árabe — this word comes from the Arabic

esta especia viene de oriente — this spice comes from the East

la fortuna le viene de su padre — his fortune comes from his father

de ahí vienen muchos problemas — it is the cause of many problems

• la honestidad le viene de familia — honesty runs in her family

6) (=sobrevenir)

de repente le vinieron muchos problemas — a lot of problems suddenly cropped up

le vino un gran dolor de cabeza — he got a terrible headache

le vino la idea de salir — he had the idea of going out

me vinieron ganas de llorar — I felt like crying

- como te o le venga en gana

7) (=quedar)

la falda me viene ancha — the skirt is too loose (for me)

el abrigo te viene algo pequeño — the coat is rather small on o for you

te viene estrecho en la espalda — it's too tight round your shoulders

este puesto de trabajo me viene grande o ancho — this job is beyond me, this job is too much for me

• venir bien, ¿te viene bien el sábado? — is Saturday all right for you?

hoy no me viene bien — today is not convenient for me

eso vendrá bien para el invierno — that will come in handy for the winter *

me vendría bien una copita — I could do with a drink *

• venir mal, mañana me viene mal — tomorrow is inconvenient

no me vendría mal un descanso — I could do with a rest

8) por venir
(=futuro)
las generaciones por venir — future generations, generations to come

lo peor está por venir — the worst is yet o still to come
que viene (=próximo) next
el mes que viene — next month

lo estudiaremos el curso que viene — we'll be studying it next year
venga a (con sentido reiterativo)
yo estoy nerviosísimo y ella venga a mirarme — I'm really nervous and she won't stop staring at me

yo no tenía dinero y el niño venga a pedir chucherías — I didn't have any money and my boy was always o forever asking for little treats

tenía mucha prisa y los periodistas venga a preguntas — I was in a real hurry and the journalists wouldn't stop asking questions

9) (como auxiliar)

a)

—

el desastre vino a turbar nuestra tranquilidad — the disaster upset our peaceful existence

viene a llenar un gran vacío — it fills a big gap

vino a parar o dar a la cárcel — he ended up in jail

• venir a ser, viene a ser 84 en total — it comes to 84 all together

viene a ser lo mismo — it comes to o amounts to the same thing

b) [+ gerund]

eso lo vengo diciendo desde hace tiempo — that's what I've been saying all along

c) [+ participio]

vengo cansado — I'm tired

venía hecho polvo — *he was shattered *

10) ¡venga!
( Esp) *
¡venga, vámonos! — come on, let's go!

¡venga, una canción! — let's have a song!

préstame cinco euros, venga — go on, lend me five euros

-¿quieres que lo hagamos juntos? -¡venga! — "shall we do it together?" - "come on, then"

-¡hasta luego! -¡venga! — "see you later!" - "O.K.!" o"right!"

¡venga ya, no seas pesado! — come on, don't be such a bore!

-me ha tocado la lotería -¡venga ya! — "I've won the lottery" - "you're kidding! *"

2.

See:

venirse

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1)

a) ( a un lugar) to come

vine en tren/avión — I came by train/plane

¿a qué vino? — what did he come by o around for?

¿ha venido el electricista? — has the electrician been?

que venga el encargado! — I want to see the person in charge!

vine dormida todo el tiempo — I slept (for) the whole journey

venir por or (Esp) a por alguien/algo — to come for somebody/something, come to pick somebody/something up

venir a + inf — to come to + inf

ven a ver esto — come and see this

b) ( volver) to come back

ahora vengo — I'll be back in a moment

no vengas tarde — don't be late home o back

c) ( salir)

venir con algo: me vino con un cuento he came up with some excuse; no me vengas con exigencias don't start making demands; no me vengas con eso ahora don't give me that (colloq); y ahora viene con que necesita el doble — and now he says he needs double

d) ( sobrevenir) (+ me/te/le etc)

me vino una gripe — I came o went down with flu

me vinieron unas ganas de reír... — I felt like bursting out laughing

2)

a) ( tener lugar)

ahora viene esa escena que te conté — that scene I told you about is coming up now

entonces vino la guerra — then the war came

¿qué viene después de las noticias? — what's on after the news?

ya vendrán tiempos mejores — things will get better

b) ( indicando procedencia)

venir de algo — to come from something

viene de la India — it comes from India

le viene de familia — it runs in his family

de ahí viene que tenga deudas — that's why he has debts

¿a qué viene eso? — why do you say that?

¿a qué vienen esos gritos? — what's all the shouting about?

c) ( indicando presentación) to come

viene en tres tamaños — it comes in three sizes

el folleto viene en inglés — the brochure is available in English

d) ( estar incluido)

viene en primera página — it's on the front page

no viene nada sobre la huelga — there's nothing about the strike

3) (+ me/te/le etc)

a) ( quedar) (+ compl)

la camisa te viene ancha — the shirt's too big for you

ese abrigo le viene mal — that coat doesn't suit her

el cargo le viene grande — he isn't up to the job

b) ( convenir) (+ compl)

estas cajas me vendrían muy bien — these boxes would come in handy

¿te viene bien a las ocho? — is eight o'clock all right o OK for you?

el jueves no me viene bien — Thursday's no good for me

me vendría bien un descanso — I could do with a rest

4) (como aux)

a)

venir a + inf: esto viene a confirmar mis sospechas this confirms my suspicions; vendrá a tener unos 30 años she must be about 30; el precio viene a ser el mismo — the price works out (about) the same

b)

venir + ger: hace mucho que lo venía diciendo I'd been saying so all along; viene trabajando aquí desde hace muchos años — he has been working here for many years
2.
venirse v pron (enf)

a) ( a un lugar) to come

se vinieron a pie — they came on foot

¿te vienes al parque? — are you coming to the park?

venirse abajo — persona to go to pieces; techo to fall in, collapse; estante to collapse; ilusiones to go up in smoke; proyectos to fall through

b) ( volver) to come back

* * *

= come.

Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado came, participio come.

Ex. This article urges children's librarians to attack 'aliteracy' (lack of a desire to read) as well as illiteracy by taking programmes, e.g. story hours, to children who do not come to libraries.

----

* ¡venga ya! = on your bike!.

* ir y venir = come and go.

* lo bueno viene en frascos pequeños = small is beautiful.

* no hay mal que por bien no venga = be a blessing in disguise.

* Nombre/Pronombre + vino como anillo al dedo = it worked out beautifully for + Nombre/Pronombre.

* no venir al caso = be immaterial.

* no venir mal + Infinitivo = not hurt to + Infinitivo.

* que viene = incoming.

* que viene el lobo = crying wolf.

* sin venir a cuento = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue, for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.

* sin venir a pelo = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.

* sistema + venirse abajo = system + crash.

* ven aquí = come over here.

* venir a continuación de + Nombre = come in + Posesivo + footsteps.

* venir a la mente = spring to + mind.

* venir al mundo = come into + the world.

* venir a menos = retrench.

* venir aquí = come over.

* venir a ser lo mismo que = amount to + the same thing as.

* venir bien = be none the worse for (that), suit + best.

* venir como anillo al dedo = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley, be + Posesivo + cup of tea, be right as rain, fit + the bill, be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.

* venir con = come with.

* venir con buenas intenciones = come in + peace.

* venir de maravilla = be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.

* venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.

* venir de perilla = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley, be + Posesivo + cup of tea, be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.

* venir en son de paz = come in + peace.

* venir instintivamente a = come + naturally to, be second nature to + Pronombre.

* venir justo después de = come on + the heels of.

* venirle Algo grande a Alguien = get + too big for + Posesivo + boots, get + too big for + Posesivo + breeches.

* venirle a Uno a la mente = come to + mind.

* venir muy bien = fit + the bill.

* venir por naturaleza a = come + naturally to, be second nature to + Pronombre.

* venirse abajo = break down, tumble down, tumble, fall + apart.

* ver Algo venir = the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.

* verse venir = be on the cards.

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1)

a) ( a un lugar) to come

vine en tren/avión — I came by train/plane

¿a qué vino? — what did he come by o around for?

¿ha venido el electricista? — has the electrician been?

que venga el encargado! — I want to see the person in charge!

vine dormida todo el tiempo — I slept (for) the whole journey

venir por or (Esp) a por alguien/algo — to come for somebody/something, come to pick somebody/something up

venir a + inf — to come to + inf

ven a ver esto — come and see this

b) ( volver) to come back

ahora vengo — I'll be back in a moment

no vengas tarde — don't be late home o back

c) ( salir)

venir con algo: me vino con un cuento he came up with some excuse; no me vengas con exigencias don't start making demands; no me vengas con eso ahora don't give me that (colloq); y ahora viene con que necesita el doble — and now he says he needs double

d) ( sobrevenir) (+ me/te/le etc)

me vino una gripe — I came o went down with flu

me vinieron unas ganas de reír... — I felt like bursting out laughing

2)

a) ( tener lugar)

ahora viene esa escena que te conté — that scene I told you about is coming up now

entonces vino la guerra — then the war came

¿qué viene después de las noticias? — what's on after the news?

ya vendrán tiempos mejores — things will get better

b) ( indicando procedencia)

venir de algo — to come from something

viene de la India — it comes from India

le viene de familia — it runs in his family

de ahí viene que tenga deudas — that's why he has debts

¿a qué viene eso? — why do you say that?

¿a qué vienen esos gritos? — what's all the shouting about?

c) ( indicando presentación) to come

viene en tres tamaños — it comes in three sizes

el folleto viene en inglés — the brochure is available in English

d) ( estar incluido)

viene en primera página — it's on the front page

no viene nada sobre la huelga — there's nothing about the strike

3) (+ me/te/le etc)

a) ( quedar) (+ compl)

la camisa te viene ancha — the shirt's too big for you

ese abrigo le viene mal — that coat doesn't suit her

el cargo le viene grande — he isn't up to the job

b) ( convenir) (+ compl)

estas cajas me vendrían muy bien — these boxes would come in handy

¿te viene bien a las ocho? — is eight o'clock all right o OK for you?

el jueves no me viene bien — Thursday's no good for me

me vendría bien un descanso — I could do with a rest

4) (como aux)

a)

venir a + inf: esto viene a confirmar mis sospechas this confirms my suspicions; vendrá a tener unos 30 años she must be about 30; el precio viene a ser el mismo — the price works out (about) the same

b)

venir + ger: hace mucho que lo venía diciendo I'd been saying so all along; viene trabajando aquí desde hace muchos años — he has been working here for many years
2.
venirse v pron (enf)

a) ( a un lugar) to come

se vinieron a pie — they came on foot

¿te vienes al parque? — are you coming to the park?

venirse abajo — persona to go to pieces; techo to fall in, collapse; estante to collapse; ilusiones to go up in smoke; proyectos to fall through

b) ( volver) to come back

* * *

= come.

Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado came, participio come.

Ex: This article urges children's librarians to attack 'aliteracy' (lack of a desire to read) as well as illiteracy by taking programmes, e.g. story hours, to children who do not come to libraries.

* ¡venga ya! = on your bike!.

* ir y venir = come and go.

* lo bueno viene en frascos pequeños = small is beautiful.

* no hay mal que por bien no venga = be a blessing in disguise.

* Nombre/Pronombre + vino como anillo al dedo = it worked out beautifully for + Nombre/Pronombre.

* no venir al caso = be immaterial.

* no venir mal + Infinitivo = not hurt to + Infinitivo.

* que viene = incoming.

* que viene el lobo = crying wolf.

* sin venir a cuento = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue, for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.

* sin venir a pelo = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.

* sistema + venirse abajo = system + crash.

* ven aquí = come over here.

* venir a continuación de + Nombre = come in + Posesivo + footsteps.

* venir a la mente = spring to + mind.

* venir al mundo = come into + the world.

* venir a menos = retrench.

* venir aquí = come over.

* venir a ser lo mismo que = amount to + the same thing as.

* venir bien = be none the worse for (that), suit + best.

* venir como anillo al dedo = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley, be + Posesivo + cup of tea, be right as rain, fit + the bill, be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.

* venir con = come with.

* venir con buenas intenciones = come in + peace.

* venir de maravilla = be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.

* venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.

* venir de perilla = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley, be + Posesivo + cup of tea, be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.

* venir en son de paz = come in + peace.

* venir instintivamente a = come + naturally to, be second nature to + Pronombre.

* venir justo después de = come on + the heels of.

* venirle Algo grande a Alguien = get + too big for + Posesivo + boots, get + too big for + Posesivo + breeches.

* venirle a Uno a la mente = come to + mind.

* venir muy bien = fit + the bill.

* venir por naturaleza a = come + naturally to, be second nature to + Pronombre.

* venirse abajo = break down, tumble down, tumble, fall + apart.

* ver Algo venir = the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.

* verse venir = be on the cards.

* * *

venir [ I31 ]

vi

A

1 (a un lugar) to come

vine en tren/avión I came by train/plane

¿puedes venir un momento? can you come here a second?

casi nos matamos viniendo or al venir de Medellín we nearly got killed on our way from o coming from Medellín

¿a qué vino? what did he come by o around o ( BrE) round for?

¿ha venido el electricista? has the electrician been?

¡que venga el encargado! I want to see the person in charge!

vengo de parte del Sr Díaz Mr Díaz sent me, I'm here on behalf of Mr Díaz

¿vienes solo? — no, con un amigo have you come on your own? — no, with a friend

vine dormida todo el tiempo I slept (for) the whole journey

viene furiosa she's furious

venir POR algn to come for sb, come to pick sb up

vienen por mí a las ocho they're coming for me o they're picking me up at eight

venir ( A) POR algo to come for sth, come to pick sth up

vinieron (a) por el pan they came for o came to pick up the bread

venir A + INF:

ven a ver esto come and see this

vienen a pasar unos días con nosotros they're coming to spend a few days with us

a las siete me vienen a buscar they're coming to pick me up at seven

el que venga detrás que arree ( fam); let the next person sort things out

2 (volver) to come back

no vengas tarde don't be late home o back, don't come home o back late

ahora vengo I'll be back in a moment

vino muy cansado del viaje he was very tired when he got back from his trip, he came back very tired from his trip

3 (con excusas, exigencias) venir CON algo:

no me vengas ahora con exigencias don't start making demands now

no me vengas con cuentos I don't want (to hear) any excuses, don't give me any excuses

y ahora viene con que necesita el doble and now he says he needs double

4 (sobrevenir) (+ me/te/le etc):

me vino una gripe I came o went down with flu

me vinieron unas ganas de reír … I felt like bursting out laughing

B

1

(tener lugar): ahora viene esa escena que te conté that scene I told you about is coming up now

entonces vino la guerra then the war came

¿qué viene ahora después de las noticias? what's on after the news?

vino una ola de frío inesperada there was an unexpected cold spell

ya vendrán tiempos mejores things will get better

2 (indicando procedencia) venir DE algo to come FROM sth

una tela que viene de la India a cloth that's made in o that comes from India

esa palabra viene del griego that word comes from Greek

la enfermedad le viene de familia the illness runs in his family

el problema viene ya de lejos the problem goes back a long way

de ahí viene que tenga tantas deudas that's why he has so many debts

3

¿a qué viene/vienen …?: ¿a qué viene eso? why do you say that?

¿a qué vienen esos gritos? what's all the shouting about o ( colloq) in aid of?, why all the shouting? ( colloq) what's with all the shouting? ( colloq)

4

(indicando presentación): el folleto viene en inglés y en francés the brochure is available in English and in French, you can get the brochure in English and in French

viene en tres tamaños it comes in three sizes

así venía, yo no lo he tocado it came like that, I haven't touched it

5

(estar incluido): su foto viene en la primera página her picture is on the front page

no viene nada sobre la manifestación de ayer there's nothing about yesterday's demonstration

C

(quedar) «falda/traje» (+ compl): esa camisa te viene ancha that shirt's too big for you

ese abrigo te viene mal that coat doesn't suit you o doesn't look right on you

el cargo le viene grande the job's too much for him, he isn't up to the job

estas cajas me vendrán muy bien para la mudanza these boxes will be useful o ( colloq) will come in handy when I move

¿te viene bien a las ocho? is eight o'clock all right o OK for you?, does eight o'clock suit you?

el jueves no me viene bien Thursday's no good o not a good day for me, I can't make Thursday

no me vendrían mal unas vacaciones I could do with a vacation

D venir en ( Der):

los abajo firmantes venimos en declarar que … we, the undersigned, hereby declare that …

E ( como aux)

1 venir A + INF:

esto viene a confirmar mis sospechas this serves to confirm my suspicions, this confirms my suspicions

vendrá a tener unos 30 años she must be about 30

el precio viene a ser el mismo the price works out (about) the same, they're around the same price

2 venir + GER:

lo venía diciendo yo desde hace mucho tiempo I'd been saying so for ages

viene utilizando nuestros servicios desde hace muchos años he has been using our services for many years

■ venirse

v pron

A ( enf)

1 (a un lugar) to come

se han venido desde Málaga a vernos they've come (all the way) from Malaga to see us

¿te vienes al parque? are you coming to the park?

venirse abajo «persona» to go to pieces;

«techo» to fall in, collapse; «estante» to collapse; «ilusiones» to go up in smoke, fall apart; «proyectos» to fall through, go up in smoke

2 (volver) to come back

estaban de vacaciones pero tuvieron que venirse they were on vacation but they had to come back o come home

B ( arg) (en sentido sexual) to come ( colloq)

* * *

venir ( conjugate venir) verbo intransitivo
1
a) ( a un lugar) to come;

◊ vine en tren I came by train;

¿a qué vino? what did he come by o around for?;
vine dormida todo el tiempo I slept (for) the whole journey;
venir por or (Esp) a por algn/algo to come for sb/sth, come to pick sb/sth up;
la vino a buscar su madre her mother came to pick her up;
ven a ver esto come and see this
b) ( volver) to come back;

◊ ahora vengo I'll be back in a moment;

no vengas tarde don't be late home o back
c) ( salir):

◊ me vino con un cuento he came up with some excuse;

no me vengas con exigencias don't start making demands
2
a) ( tener lugar):

◊ ahora viene esa escena que te conté that scene I told you about is coming up now;

¿qué viene después de las noticias? what's on after the news?;
ya vendrán tiempos mejores things will get better
b) ( indicando procedencia) venir de algo to come from sth;

◊ viene de la India it comes from India;

le viene de familia it runs in his family;
¿a qué viene eso? why do you say that?
c) ( indicando presentación) to come;

◊ viene en tres tamaños it comes in three sizes

d) ( estar incluido):

◊ viene en primera página it's on the front page;

no viene nada sobre la huelga there's nothing about the strike
3 ( convenir):
◊ estas cajas me vendrían muy bien these boxes would come in handy;

el jueves no me viene bien Thursday's no good for me;
me vendría bien un descanso I could do with a rest
4 ( como aux):
◊ esto viene a confirmar mis sospechas this confirms my suspicions;

hace mucho que lo venía diciendo I'd been saying so all along
venirse verbo pronominal ( enf)
a) ( a un lugar) to come;

◊ se vinieron a pie they came on foot;

venirse abajo [ persona] to go to pieces;

[ techo] to fall in, collapse;
[ estante] to collapse;
[ ilusiones] to go up in smoke;
[ proyectos] to fall through
b) ( volver) to come back

venir verbo intransitivo
1 to come
ven y mira lo que he dibujado, come and see what I've drawn
2 (llegar) to come: viene el invierno, winter is coming
acaba de venir de la tienda, he's just come from the shop
3 (volver) to come back: vengo en un minuto, I'll be back in a minute
4 (proceder) to come from: estos juguetes vienen de China, these toys come from China
5 (surgir, sobrevenir) me vino la gripe, I went down with flu
(suceder) entonces vino la guerra civil, then came the civil war
6 (quedar) este jersey me viene grande, this sweater is too big for me
7 (aparecer, presentarse) to come: esa información viene en el capítulo dos, that information comes in chapter two
¿viene algo del terremoto?, is there anything about the earthquake?
viene en un estuche verde, it comes in a green case
8 (indicando aproximación) este libro viene a tener unos cien años, this book must be about a hundred years old
♦ Locuciones: venir al mundo, to be born
venir de lejos, to come from afar
' venir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acaso
- acercarse
- acudir
- adelantarse
- animarse
- balde
- caso
- comprometerse
- constructor
- constructora
- convenir
- en
- esperar
- familia
- graduación
- gratuitamente
- hacer
- hispanista
- inconveniente
- lástima
- menos
- molestia
- pelo
- precisamente
- sobrevenir
- son
- tejemaneje
- aceptar
- anillo
- aprovechar
- atraer
- corazonada
- cosa
- cuento
- hombre
- importar
- ir
- jalar
- macana
- molestar
- mundo
- parar
- perilla
- poco
- poder
- quedar
- seguir
- soler
- subir
- suponer
English:
amenable
- and
- bank on
- call out
- card
- come
- come along
- come in
- come over
- come round
- family
- handy
- have
- let
- like
- pop over
- shuttle
- spot
- suit
- tale
- taste
- too
- useful
- visit
- walk about
- welcome
- agreeable
- aid
- better
- delighted
- down
- expect
- foot
- get
- obviously
- one
- shall
- thank
- will
- would

* * *

venir

♦ vi

1. [desplazarse, aproximarse] to come;

ayer vino a casa she came to visit us yesterday;

¿de dónde vienes? where have you been?;

vengo del mercado I've come from o been to the market;

venir a/de hacer algo to come to do sth/from doing sth;

¿a qué has venido? why have you come?, what have you come for?;

ven a ayudarme come and help me;

voy y vengo I'll be right back;

he venido (a) por Marta I've come for Marta;

vinieron (a) por mí al aeropuerto they picked me up at the airport;

todos veníamos muy cansados we were all very tired;

vino hablando todo el camino she spent the whole journey talking;

el año/mes que viene next year/month;
RP
venir al teléfono to come to the phone

2. [llegar] to arrive;
[regresar] to get back;
aún no ha venido [llegado] she hasn't arrived yet;
[regresado] she's not back yet;
vendré tarde I'll be late (back);

¿han venido los del gas? has the gas man come yet?;

cuando venga el verano when summer arrives

3. [pasar, ocurrir]
en aquel año vino una recesión there was a recession that year;

¿qué viene ahora? what comes next?;

después de este programa viene una película after this programme there's a movie

4. [proceder, derivarse]
venir de algo to come from sth;

viene de familia rica she's from o she comes from a rich family;

el talento para la música le viene de familia the gift for music runs in the family;

¿de qué árbol viene el caucho? from what tree do we get rubber?;

de ahí viene que te duela la espalda that's why your back is hurting;

viniendo de ella no me sorprende it doesn't surprise me, coming from her

5. Fam [decir, soltar]
venir a alguien con algo to come to sb with sth;

no me vengas con exigencias don't come to me making demands;

¡no me vengas con ésas! don't give me that!;

vino con que le hacía falta el dinero he said he needed the money

6. [hallarse] to be;

su foto viene en primera página his photo is o appears on the front page;

¿dónde viene la sección de deportes? where's the sports section?;

el texto viene en inglés the text is in English;

vienen en todos los tamaños they come in every size;

las anchoas vienen en lata anchovies come in cans o Br tins

7. [acometer, sobrevenir]
me viene sueño I'm getting sleepy;

me venían ganas de vomitar I kept wanting to be sick;

le vinieron ganas de reír he was seized by a desire to laugh;

me ha venido el periodo my period has started;

le vino una tremenda desgracia he suffered a great misfortune

8. [ropa, calzado]
¿qué tal te viene? does it fit all right?;

el abrigo le viene pequeño the coat is too small for her;

este trabajo le viene un poco ancho o [m5] grande he's not really up to this job

9. [convenir]
venir bien/mal a alguien to suit/not to suit sb;

el diccionario me vendrá muy bien the dictionary will come in very useful;

¿qué tal te viene el lunes? how's Monday for you?, how does Monday suit you?;

mañana no me viene bien tomorrow isn't a good day for me, I can't make it tomorrow;

no te vendrían mal unas vacaciones you could use a Br holiday o US vacation

10. [indica aproximación o resultado]
viene a costar un millón it costs almost a million;

esto viene a significar… this effectively means…;

¿cómo has venido a parar aquí? how did you end up here?;

venir a ser to amount to;

viene a ser lo mismo it doesn't make much difference;

venir a menos [negocio] to go downhill;
[persona] to go down in the world;
son una familia venida a menos they're a family which has gone down in the world

11. Fam [orgasmo]
me viene I'm coming

12.
¿a qué viene…?: ¿a qué viene eso? what do you mean by that?, what's that in aid of?;

¿a qué viene tanta amabilidad? why all this kindness?, what's all this kindness in aid of?

♦ v aux

1. [antes de gerundio] [haber estado]
venir haciendo algo to have been doing sth;

vengo diciéndolo desde hace tiempo I've been saying so for some time now;

las peleas vienen sucediéndose desde hace tiempo fighting has been going on for some time;

el desempleo viene siendo el mayor problema unemployment has been the major problem

2. [antes de participio] [haber sido]
los cambios vienen motivados por la presión de la oposición the changes have resulted from pressure on the part of the opposition;

un espectáculo que viene precedido de gran polémica a show which has been surrounded by controversy

♦ See also the pronominal verb venirse

* * *

venir

v/i

1 come;

venir de Lima come from Lima;

venir por o fam

a por algo come for sth, come to collect sth;

viene a ser lo mismo it comes down to the same thing;

venir a menos come down in the world;

le vino una idea an idea occurred to him

2

:

venir bien/mal be convenient/ inconvenient

3 ( sentar)

:

el vestido me viene estrecho this dress is too tight for me

4

:

viene en la página 3 it’s on page 3

5

:

¿a qué viene eso? why do you say that?;

no me vengas ahora con … I don’t want to hear your…

6

:

el año que viene next year, the coming year, the year to come

7

:

¡venga! venga aquí, no seas pesado come on!

* * *

venir {87} vi

1) : to come

lo vi venir: I saw him coming

¡venga!: come on!

2) : to arrive

vinieron en coche: they came by car

3) : to come, to originate

sus zapatos vienen de Italia: her shoes are from Italy

4) : to come, to be available

viene envuelto en plástico: it comes wrapped in plastic

5) : to come back, to return

6) : to affect, to overcome

me vino un vahído: a dizzy spell came over me

7) : to fit

te viene un poco grande: it's a little big for you

8) (with the present participle) : to have been

viene entrenando diariamente: he's been training daily

9)

venir a (with the infinitive) : to end up, to turn out

viene a ser lo mismo: it comes out the same

10)

que viene : coming, next

el año que viene: next year

11)

venir bien : to be suitable, to be just right

♦ See also the reflexive verb venirse

* * *

venir vb

1. (en general) to come [pt. came; pp. come]

¿cuándo vendrás a vernos? when will you come to see us?

¿has venido en tren? did you come by train?

2. (volver) to be back

ahora vengo I'll be right back

3. (estar, ser) to be

este pantalón me viene grande these trousers are too big for me

mi teléfono viene en la guía my phone number is in the book

que viene next

el mes que viene next month

¡venga! come on!

¡venga ya! come off it!

venir a la memoria to remember

venir bien to suit

¿te viene bien esta tarde? does this afternoon suit you?

a esa hora me viene mal that time isn't convenient

venir haciendo algo to have been doing something

viene jugando a la lotería desde hace diez años he's been doing the lottery for ten years

Spanish-English dictionary > venir
9 beau

beau, belle [bo, bεl]

━━━━━━━━━

1. adjective

2. masculine noun

3. feminine noun

━━━━━━━━━

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► bel, instead of beau, is used before a masculine noun beginning with a vowel or silent h.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. <

   a. beautiful ; [homme] good-looking

• il est beau garçon he's good-looking

• se faire beau to get dressed up

• il a fait du beau travail he did a beautiful job

• il m'a fait un très beau cadeau he gave me a lovely present

• les beaux quartiers the smart part of town

   b. (moralement) un beau geste a noble act

• ce n'est pas beau de mentir it isn't nice to tell lies

   c. ( = agréable) [voyage, journée] lovely

• il fait beau the weather's nice

• il fait très beau the weather's lovely

• il est arrivé un beau matin he turned up one fine morning

• c'est le bel âge ! it's nice to be young!

   d. ( = réussi) successful ; [résultat] excellent

• elle a fait une belle carrière she had a successful career

• c'est le plus beau jour de ma vie ! this is the best day of my life!

• c'est une belle mort it's a good way to go

• ce serait trop beau ! that would be too much to hope for!

   e. ( = grand) [revenu, profit] handsome ; [brûlure, peur] nasty

• ça fait une belle somme ! that's a tidy (inf) sum!

• ça a fait un beau scandale it caused quite a scandal

• il a attrapé une belle bronchite he's got a bad chest infection

• c'est un beau menteur he's a terrible liar

• c'est un beau salaud (inf!) he's a real bastard (vulg!)

   f. (locutions)

► avoir beau

• on a beau faire, ils n'apprennent rien no matter what you do, they don't learn anything

• il a eu beau essayer, il n'a pas réussi despite his efforts, he was unsuccessful

• on a beau dire, il n'est pas bête say what you like, he's not stupid► bel et bien really

• cet homme a bel et bien existé the man really did exist

• il s'est bel et bien trompé he got it well and truly wrong► de plus belle [crier, rire] even louder

• reprendre de plus belle [combat, polémique, violence] to start up again with renewed vigour

• continuer de plus belle [discrimination, répression] to be worse than ever

2. <

   a. le beau the beautiful

• elle n'achète que du beau she only buys the best

• c'est du beau ! (reproche) charming! ; (consternation) this is a fine mess!

   b. (temps) être au beau fixe [baromètre] to be set fair ; [relations] to be excellent

   c. faire le beau [chien] to sit up and beg

3. <

belle

   a. ( = femme) ma belle ! (inf) sweetheart!

• La Belle au bois dormant Sleeping Beauty

• La Belle et la Bête Beauty and the Beast

• se faire la belle (inf) to break out of jail

   b. ( = partie décisive) decider

• on fait la belle ? shall we play a decider?

   c. ( = action, parole) (inf) il en a fait de belles quand il était jeune he was a bit wild when he was young

• en apprendre de belles sur qn to hear things about sb

* * *

1.

( bel before vowel or mute h), belle, mpl beaux bo, bɛl adjectif

1) ( esthétiquement) [enfant, femme, visage, yeux, cheveux] beautiful; [homme, garçon] handsome; [jambes] nice; [corps, silhouette] good; [couleur, son, jardin, objet] beautiful

se faire beau — to do oneself up

faire quelqu'un beau — to smarten somebody up

ce n'est pas (bien) beau à voir! — (colloq) it's not a pretty sight!

2) ( qualitativement) [vêtements, machine, spectacle] good; [collection, spécimen] fine; [travail, cadeau] nice; [temps, jour] fine, nice; [journée, promenade] lovely; [discours, projet] fine; [effort, victoire] nice; [geste, sentiment] noble; [carrière] successful; [succès, avenir, optimisme] great

fais de beaux rêves! — sweet dreams!

il fait beau — the weather is fine

il n'est pas beau de faire — it's not nice to do

un beau jour — one fine day

au beau milieu de — right in the middle of

c'est bien beau tout ça, mais — (colloq) that's all very fine, but

trop beau pour être vrai — too good to be true

ça serait trop beau! — (colloq) one should be so lucky! (colloq)

ce ne sont que de belles paroles — it's all talk

3) ( quantitativement) [somme, héritage] tidy; [salaire] very nice; [appétit] big

belle pagaille — absolute mess

bel égoïste — awful egoist

2.

nom masculin

1) ( choses intéressantes)

qu'est-ce que tu as fait de beau? — done anything interesting?

2) Philosophie ( beauté)

le beau — beauty

3) Météorologie

le temps est/se met au beau — the weather is/is turning fine

3.

avoir beau locution verbale

j'ai beau essayer, je n'y arrive pas — it's no good my trying, I can't do it

l'économie a beau se développer, le chômage progresse — even if the economy does develop, unemployment is still growing

on a beau dire, ce n'est pas si simple — no matter what people say, it's not that easy

4.

bel et bien locution adverbiale

1) ( irréversiblement) well and truly

bel et bien fini — well and truly over

2) ( indiscutablement) definitely

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- beau fixe

- beau gosse

- beau parleur

- beau parti

- beau sexe

- beaux jours

- bel esprit

- belle page

- belle plante

- belles années

••

faire le beau — [chien] to sit up and beg; [personne] to show off

c'est du beau! — (colloq) iron lovely! iron

tout beau (tout beau)! — ( pour calmer) easy(, easy)!

* * *
bo, bɛl (belle) bel (devant un nom masculin commençant par une voyelle ou un h muet) beaux mpl
1. adj

1) [maison, spectacle] lovely, beautiful, [vacances] lovely

un bel été — a lovely summer

une belle journée — a beautiful day, a lovely day

2) (femme) beautiful, (homme) handsome

C'est une belle femme. — She is a beautiful woman.

un bel homme — a handsome man

C'est un beau garçon. — He is a good-looking boy.

3) (temps) fine, nice

si le temps est beau — if the weather's fine, if the weather's nice

il fait beau; il fait beau temps — the weather's fine

Il fait beau aujourd'hui. — It's a nice day today.

4) (sentiment) fine, (acte) good

un beau geste fig — a fine gesture

5) (valeur intensive)

un beau salaire — a very nice salary, a very good salary

un beau gâchis — a fine mess

un beau rhume — an awful cold

6) (autres locutions)

le beau monde — high society

un beau parleur — a smooth talker

un beau jour — one day, one fine day

un beau matin — one morning, one fine morning

avoir beau jeu de; Il a beau jeu de protester. — It's easy for him to protest.

bel et bien — well and truly, (= vraiment) really, really and truly

de plus belle — more than ever

avoir beau faire qch; J'ai beau essayer, je n'y arrive pas. — No matter how hard I try, I just can't do it., However hard I try, I just can't do it.

pour les beaux yeux de qn lit — for love of sb, for sb's sake

être promis à un bel avenir — to have a fine future ahead of one

Cette chanteuse d'à peine vingt ans semble promise à un bel avenir. — This singer, barely twenty years old, appears to have a fine future ahead of her.

2. nf

1) SPORT (= rencontre décisive) decider

2) (= évasion)

se faire la belle * — to do a bunk *

3. belles nfpl

en entendre de belles sur qn/qch — to hear a thing or two about sb/sth

en faire de belles — to do stupid things, to do some stupid things

en dire de belles — to say stupid things, to say some stupid things

4. nm

1) (= concept)

le beau — beauty

avoir le sens du beau — to have an aesthetic sense

2) (autres locutions)

le temps est au beau — the weather is set fair

le plus beau c'est que... — the best of it is that...

c'est du beau! — lovely! ironique

faire le beau [chien] — to sit up and beg

* * *

beau ( bel before vowel or mute h), belle, mpl beaux

A adj

1 ( esthétiquement) [enfant, femme, visage, yeux, cheveux] beautiful; [homme, garçon] handsome; [jambes] nice; [corps, silhouette, dents] good; [couleur, son, musique, maison, jardin, objet] beautiful; tu es belle ( extraordinairement) you're beautiful; ( normalement) you look lovely; c'est une belle fille she's very nice-looking; c'est une belle femme she's a beautiful woman; avoir belle allure [personne] to cut a fine figure; [maison, voiture] to be fine-looking; se faire beau to do oneself up; faire beau qn to smarten sb up; ce n'est pas (bien) beau à voir○! it's not a pretty sight!; peindre qch sous de belles couleurs to make sth sound wonderful; ⇒ fille;

2 ( qualitativement) [vêtements, machine, performance, match, spectacle] good; [œuvre, collection, bijou, spécimen] fine; [travail, poste, cadeau, anniversaire] nice; [temps, jour] fine, nice; [journée, promenade, rêve] lovely; [promesse, débat, discours, projet] fine; [effort, victoire, exemple, manière] nice; [geste, sentiment, âme] noble; [pensée] beautiful; [carrière] successful; [succès, avenir, optimisme] great; fais de beaux rêves! sweet dreams!; il fait beau the weather is fine; il n'est pas beau de faire it's not nice to do; un beau jour/matin/soir one fine day/morning/evening; au beau milieu de right in the middle of; rien n'est trop beau pour lui/eux nothing is too good for him/them; c'est bien beau tout ça, mais○ that's all very fine, but; trop beau pour être vrai too good to be true; ça serait trop beau○! one should be so lucky○!; ce ne sont que de belles paroles it's all talk; assez de belles paroles, dites ce que vous avez à dire enough of your fine words, say what you have to say; il y a beau temps qu'il n'est pas venu he hasn't been here for ages; ⇒ démener, pluie;

3 ( quantitativement) [somme, héritage] tidy; [salaire] very nice; [appétit] big; belle pagaille absolute mess; beau mensonge whopping lie, whopper○; bel égoïste awful egoist; beau salaud◑ real bastard◑.

B nm

1 ( choses intéressantes) qu'est-ce que tu as fait de beau? done anything interesting?; tu n'as rien de beau à nous raconter? anything interesting to tell us?; le plus beau (de l'histoire) est que the best part (of the story) is that;

2 Philos ( beauté) le beau beauty; goût/recherche/sentiment du beau taste/quest/feeling for beauty;

3 ( bonne qualité) best quality; n'acheter que du beau to buy only the best quality;

4 ( homme) dandy; jouer les beaux to be a dandy; ⇒ vieux;

5 Météo le temps est/se met au beau the weather is/is turning fine.

C avoir beau loc verbale j'ai beau essayer/travailler, je n'y arrive pas it's no good my trying/working, I can't do it; l'économie a beau se développer, le chômage progresse even if the economy does develop, unemployment is still growing; on a beau dire, ce n'est pas si simple no matter what people say, it's not that easy.

D bel et bien loc adv

1 ( irréversiblement) well and truly; bel et bien fini well and truly over;

2 ( indiscutablement) definitely; il était bel et bien coupable he was definitely guilty.

E belle nf

1 ( femme) courtiser les belles to go courting the ladies; ma belle darling, love○ GB, doll○ US;

2 ( maîtresse) lady friend; avoir rendez-vous avec sa belle to have a date with one's lady friend;

3 Jeux decider; faire la belle to play the decider.

F de plus belle loc adv with renewed vigour^GB; les hostilités ont repris de plus belle hostilities resumed with renewed vigour^GB; la pluie a repris de plus belle it started raining again harder than ever; frapper de plus belle to hit harder than ever; crier de plus belle to shout louder than ever.

G belles○ nfpl ( paroles) stories; j'en ai appris or entendu de belles à ton sujet I have been hearing stories about you; on en raconte de belles sur elle there are quite a few stories about her.

Composés

beau fixe Météo fine weather; être au beau fixe [temps, baromètre] to be set fair; [[affaire, relation] to be going well; avoir le moral au beau fixe○ to be on a high○; beau gosse○ good-looking guy○; être beau gosse to be good-looking; beau linge○ high society; fréquenter le beau linge to hang out○ with society types; beau parleur smooth talker; beau parti ( homme) eligible bachelor; ( femme) good match; épouser un beau parti to marry money; beau sexe fair sex; beaux jours ( beau temps) fine weather ¢; ( belle époque) good days; les beaux jours sont arrivés the fine weather is here; c'étaient les beaux jours those were the days; Beau Danube bleu Mus Blue Danube; bel esprit bel esprit; la Belle au Bois dormant Sleeping Beauty; Belle Époque Belle Époque; style Belle Époque Belle Époque style; belle page Imprim right-hand page; belle plante○ gorgeous specimen○; belle vie life of ease; c'est la belle vie! this is the life!; avoir la belle vie to live it up; belles années happy years.

Idiomes

faire le beau [chien] to sit up and beg; [personne] to show off; (se) faire la belle○ ( s'évader) to do a bunk○ GB, to take a powder○ US; l'avoir belle○ to have an easy life; en faire voir de belles○ à qn to give sb a hard time; c'est du beau○! iron lovely! iron; tout beau (tout beau)! ( pour calmer) easy (, easy)!; il ferait beau voir○ (qu'il vienne) I'd like to see the day (when he shows up)○.

[bo] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou 'h' muet bel [bɛl]) ( féminin belle [bɛl], pluriel masculin beaux [bo], pluriel féminin belles [bɛl]) adjectif

A.

1. [bien fait, joli - femme] beautiful, good-looking ; [ - homme] good-looking, handsome ; [ - enfant, physique, objet, décor] beautiful, lovely

il est beau garçon ou (familier) gosse he's good-looking, he's a good-looking guy

ils forment un beau couple they make a lovely couple

se faire beau/belle to get dressed up, to do oneself up

ce n'était pas beau à voir (familier) it wasn't a pretty sight

il est beau comme l'amour ou un ange ou un astre ou le jour

a. [homme] he's a very handsome ou good-looking man

b. [petit garçon] he's a very handsome ou good-looking boy

il est beau comme un dieu he looks like a Greek god

elle est belle comme un ange ou le jour she's a real beauty

sois belle et tais-toi! (familier) just concentrate on looking pretty!

2. [attrayant pour l'oreille - chant, mélodie, voix] beautiful, lovely

3. [remarquable, réussi - poème, texte] fine, beautiful ; [ - chanson, film] beautiful, lovely

de beaux vêtements fine clothes

le boucher a de la belle marchandise the butcher's got nice meat

il y a eu quelques beaux échanges there were a few good ou fine rallies

nous avons fait un beau voyage we had a wonderful trip

4. MÉTÉOROLOGIE fine, beautiful

la mer sera belle the sea will be calm

temps froid mais beau sur tout le pays the whole country will enjoy cold but sunny weather

du beau temps nice ou good weather

les derniers beaux jours the last days of summer

B.

1. [digne] noble, fine

une belle âme a noble nature

[convenable] nice

ce n'est pas beau de mentir! it's very naughty ou it's not nice to lie!

2. [brillant intellectuellement] wonderful, fine

c'est un beau sujet de thèse it's a fine topic for a thesis

3. [d'un haut niveau social] smart

faire un beau mariage

a. [argent] to marry into money ou a fortune

b. [classe] to marry into a very good family

le beau monde ou (familier) linge the upper crust, the smart set

C.

1. [gros, important - gains, prime, somme] nice, handsome, tidy

donnez-moi un beau melon/poulet give me a nice big melon/chicken

il a un bel appétit he has a good ou hearty appetite

un beau coup en Bourse a spectacular deal on the Stock Exchange

2. [en intensif]

je me suis fait une belle bosse I got a great big bump

il y a eu un beau scandale there was a huge scandal

un bel hypocrite a real hypocrite

il y a beau temps: il y a beau temps de ce que je te dis là (familier) what I'm telling you now happened ages ago

3. [agréable] good

présenter quelque chose sous un beau jour to show something in a good light

c'est trop beau pour être vrai it's too good to be true

c'est beau l'amour! love's a wonderful thing!

4. [prospère] good

tu as encore de belles années devant toi you still have quite a few good years ahead of you

avoir une belle situation

a. [argent] to have a very well-paid job

b. [prestige] to have a high-flying job

5. [dans des appellations]

venez, ma belle amie do come along, darling

alors, (ma) belle enfant, qu'en dis-tu? (familier) what do you think about that, my dear?

mon beau monsieur, personne ne vous a rien demandé! my friend, this is none of your business!

6. [certain]

un beau jour/matin one fine day/morning

D. (ironique)

belle demande! [saugrenue] what a question!

c'est du beau travail! a fine mess this is!

beaux discours: ils ont oublié tous leurs beaux discours they've forgotten all their fine ou fine-sounding words

garde tes belles promesses ou tes beaux serments! you can keep your promises!

j'en ai appris ou entendu de belles sur toi! I heard some fine ou right things about you!

il en a fait de belles quand il était petit! he didn't half get up to some mischief when he was little!

nous voilà beaux! we're in a fine mess now!

c'est bien beau tout ça, mais... that's all very fine ou well, but...

le plus beau (familier) : et tu ne sais pas le plus beau! and you haven't heard the best part (yet)!, and the best part's still to come!

beau adverbe

1. MÉTÉOROLOGIE

il fait beau the weather's ou it's fine

il fera beau et chaud it'll be warm and sunny

il n'a pas fait très beau l'été dernier the weather wasn't very nice ou good last summer

2. (locution)

il ferait beau voir qu'elle me donne des ordres! her, boss me around? that'll be the day!

avoir beau faire (quelque chose): j'avais beau tirer, la porte ne s'ouvrait pas however hard I pulled, the door wouldn't open

j'ai eu beau le lui répéter plusieurs fois, il n'a toujours pas compris I have told him and told him but he still hasn't understood

on a beau dire, on a beau faire, les jeunes s'en vont un jour de la maison (familier) whatever you do or say, young people eventually leave home

vous avez beau dire, elle a quand même tout financé elle-même say what you like ou you may criticize, but she's paid for it all herself

a beau mentir qui vient de loin (proverbe) it's easy to lie when there's nobody around to contradict you

tout beau: alors, vous signez? — hé, tout beau (tout beau)! you will sign then? — hey, steady on ou not so fast!

beau nom masculin

1. [esthétique]

elle aime le beau she likes beautiful things

[objets de qualité]

pour les meubles du salon, je veux du beau I want really good ou nice furniture for the living room

2. [homme] beau, dandy

3. (locution)

au beau: le temps est au beau the weather looks fine

au beau fixe: le temps/baromètre est au beau fixe the weather/barometer is set fair

nos relations sont au beau fixe (familier) things between us are looking rosy

il a le moral au beau fixe (familier) he's in high spirits

c'est du beau! (familier) : elle a dit un gros mot — c'est du beau! she said a rude word! — how naughty!

faire le beau [chien] to sit up and beg

belle nom féminin

1. [jolie femme] beauty

[dame] lady

‘la Belle et la Bête’ Madame Leprince de Beaumont, Cocteau ‘Beauty and the Beast’

‘la Belle au bois dormant’ Perrault ‘Sleeping Beauty’

2. (familier) [en appellatif]

tu te trompes, ma belle! you're quite wrong my dear!

3. (humoristique & littéraire) [amie, amante] lady friend, beloved

4. SPORT decider, deciding match

JEUX decider, deciding game

5. (familier & locution)

(se) faire la belle to do a runner (UK), to cut and run (US)

————————

au plus beau de locution prépositionnelle

au plus beau de la fête when the party was in full swing

au plus beau du discours right in the middle of the speech

bel et bien locution adverbiale

well and truly

elle s'est bel et bien échappée she got away and no mistake

bel et bon locution adjectivale,

bel et bonne locution adjectivale

fine

————————

de plus belle locution adverbiale

[aboyer, crier] louder than ever, even louder

[frapper] harder than ever, even harder

[taquiner, manger] more than ever, even more

il s'est mis à travailler de plus belle he went back to work with renewed energy

belle de Fontenay nom féminin

Belle de Fontenay potato

————————

belle page nom féminin

IMPRIMERIE right-hand page

chaque chapitre commence en belle page each chapter starts on the right-hand page

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > beau

10 μέν

μέν

1 where μέν is merely an emphatic particle, and is not balanced by δέ or another particle.

a emphasising a demonstrative, not in nom., which refers back to a word in (esp. subject of) a preceding sentence.
ὁ δ' αὐτῷ πὰρ ποδὶ σχεδὸν φάνη· τῷ μὲν εἶπε O. 1.75

οὐδ' ἀκράντοις ἐφάψατο ἔπεσι· τὸν μὲν ἀγάλλων θεὸς ἔδωκεν O. 1.86
μαντεύσατο
δ' ἐς θεὸν ἐλθών. τῷ μὲν ὁ Χρυσοκόμας εἶπε O. 7.32

Γλαῦκον τρόμεον Δαναοί. τοῖσι μὲν ἐξεύχετ O. 13.60
( ὄρος)
τοῦ μὲν ἐπωνυμίαν κλεινὸς οἰκιστὴρ ἐκύδανεν πόλιν γείτονα P. 1.30

πατήρ. τῷ μὲν εἰ κατέβαν ὑγίειαν ἄγων P. 3.72

δεσπόταν· τὸν μὲν Φοῖβος ἀμνάσει P. 4.53

ὣς φάτο· τὸν μὲν ἔγνον ὀφθαλμοὶ πατρός P. 4.120
( δοιοὶ δ' ὑψιχαῖται ἀνέρες).
τῶν μὲν κλέος P. 4.174

Κυράναν· ἁ μὲν οὔθ' ἱστῶν παλιμβάμους ἐφίλησεν ὁδούς P. 9.18

γαμβρὸς Ἥρας. τῷ μὲν δαῖτα πορσύνοντες ἀστοὶ I. 4.61
( Αἰακὸν)
τοῦ μὲν ἀντίθεοι ἀρίστευον υἱέες I. 8.24
( Ἀχιλεύς)
τὸν μὲν οὐδὲ θανόντ' ἀοιδαὶ ἔλιπον I. 8.56
( καὶ κεῖνος)
τὸν μὲν οὐ κατελέγχει κριτοῦ γενεὰ πατραδελφεοῦ I. 8.65
Ὕλλου τε καὶ Αἰγιμιοῦ · τῶν (Hermann: τὰ cod.)
μὲν ὑπὸ στάθμᾳ νέμονται I. 9.4
cf. fr. 140b. 16.

b emphasising adv., esp. temporal.
νῦν μὲν αὐτῷ γέρας Ἀλκιμέδων O. 8.65

μελέων, τὰ παρ' εὐκλέι Δίρκᾳ χρόνῳ μὲν φάνεν O. 10.85

σάμερον μὲν χρή P. 4.1

αἱ δὲ πρώτιστον μὲν ὕμνησαν Διὸς ἀρχόμεναι σεμνὰν Θέτιν N. 5.25

ὃς τότε μὲν βασιλεύων κεῖθι N. 9.11
( Διόσκουροι)
μάλα μὲν ἀνδρῶν δικαίων περικαδόμενοι N. 10.54
adv. phrase, “τὸ μὲν ἐμόν, Πηλέι γέρας θεόμορον ὀπάσσαι γάμου Αἰακίδᾳ” I. 8.38

c emphasising verb.
ἐπέγνω μὲν Κυράνα P. 4.279

d where the balancing thought is,

I suppressed.
παῖδας, ὧν εἷς μὲν Κάμιρον πρεσβύτατόν τε Ἰάλυσον ἔτεκεν Λίνδον τε O. 7.73
τὰ μὲν ἐν ἅρμασι καλλίνικοι πάλαι (v. also μέν τε) P. 11.46
ξανθὸς δ' Αχιλεὺς τὰ μὲν μένων Φιλύρας ἐν δόμοις, παῖς ἐὼν ἄθυρε μεγάλα ἔργα N. 3.43
πρῶτον μὲν fr. 30. 1.

II not expressed in coordinated clause.
ἤδη γὰρ αὐτῷ, πατρὶ μὲν βωμῶν ἁγισθέντων, διχόμηνις ἀντέφλεξε Μήνα O. 3.19

τοὺς μὲν ὦν P. 3.47

τὰ μὲν ὦν οὐ δύνανται νήπιοι κόσμῷ φέρειν ἀλλ' ἀγαθοί, τὰ καλὰ τρέψαντες ἔξω P. 3.83

e contrasting with what precedes, not what follows. ἄγγελος ἔβαν πέμπτον ἐπὶ εἴκοσι τοῦτο γαρύων εὖχος ἀγώνων ἄπο. δύο μὲν Κρονίου πὰρ τεμένει, παῖ, σέ τ' ἐνόσφισε καὶ Πολυτιμίδαν κλᾶρος προπετὴς ἄνθἐ Ὀλυμπιάδος ( μὰν coni. Wil.) N. 6.61 esp.,
ἀλλὰ μέν, ἀλλ' ἐπεύξασθαι μὲν ἐγὼν ἐθέλω Ματρί P. 3.77
“ ἀλλὰ καὶ σκᾶπτον μόναρχον καὶ θρόνος τὰ μὲν ἄνευ ξυνᾶς ἀνίας λῦσον” P. 4.154

f dub. & fragg. [ ἀγαθοῖς μὲν (Schr.: ἀγαθοῖσιν codd.) N. 11.17]
ἐγὼ μὲν ὑπὲρ χθονὸς Pae. 8.14
]ἔνθεν μὲν αρ[ Πα. 13a. 22. ]
α μὲν γὰρ εὔχομαι[ Pae. 16.3
ἔνθεν μὲν fr. 59. 11. πρόσθα μὲν fr. 70. 1. πρὶν μὲν ἕρπε Δ. 2. 1. μὲν στάσις[ Δ. 3. 3. ]φθίτο μὲν γα[ Δ. 4e. 8. τὰν λιπαρὰν μὲν Αἴγυπτον fr. 82. κείνῳ μὲν fr. 92. Λάκαινα μὲν fr. 112. δελφῖνος, τὸν μὲν ἐκίνησ' ἐρατὸν μέλος fr. 140b. 16. οἱ μὲν κατωκάρα δεσμοῖσι δέδενται fr. 161. φθέγμα μὲν πάγκοινον ἔγνωκας fr. 188. πανδείματοι μὲν fr. 189. ἴσον μὲν fr. 224. ἁ μὲν πόλις Αἰακιδᾶν fr. 242. ] υν μὲν θεο[ ?fr. 337. 11. στῆναι μὲν οὐ θέμις οὐδὲ παύσασθαι φορᾶς ?fr. 358.

g γε μέν, v. 4.

2 μέν δέ.

a where sentences are opposed.
ἐμοὶ μὲν τὺ δὲ O. 1.84

θανόντων μὲν ἐνθάδ' τὰ δ ἐν τᾷδε Διὸς ἀρχᾷ O. 2.57

παρὰ μὲν τιμίοις τοὶ δὲ O. 2.65

τὸν μὲν λεῖπε χαμαί· δύο δὲ ἐθρέψαντο δράκοντες O. 6.44

τὰ μὲν ἐκ θεοῦ δ O. 11.8

κελαδέοντι μὲν σὲ δ P. 2.15
—8.
νεότατι μὲν βουλαὶ δὲ πρεσβύτεραι P. 2.63
—5.
τόδε μὲν μέλος ὑπὲρ πολιᾶς ἁλὸς πέμπεται· τὸ Καστόρειον δ' θέλων ἄθρησον P. 2.67

τῷ μὲν Ἀπόλλων · ἀπὸ δ' αὐτὸν ἐγὼ P. 4.66

τὸν μὲν οὐ γίνωσκον· ὀπιζομένων δ' ἔμπας τις εἶπεν P. 4.86
“ἀλλὰ τούτων μὲν κεφάλαια λόγων ἴστε. λευκίππων δὲ δόμους πατέρων φράσσατέ μοι” P. 4.116
μάκαρ μὲν ἀνδρῶν μέτα ἔναιεν, ἥρως δ' ἔπειτα λαοσεβής P. 5.95

μάλιστα μὲν Κρονίδαν θεῶν σέβεσθαι· ταύτας δὲ μή ποτε τιμᾶς ἀμείρειν γονέων βίον πεπρωμένον P. 6.23
ὁ μὲν που τεοῖς τε μήδεσι τοῦτ' ἔπραξεν, τὸ δὲ συγγενὲς ἐμβέβακεν ἴχνεσιν πατρὸς (contra Wil., 467.) P. 10.11—2.
οἱ μὲν πάλαι, νῦν δ I. 2.1
—9.
ἀλλ' ὀνοτὸς μὲν ἰδέσθαι, συμπεσεῖν δ ἀκμᾷ βαρύς I. 4.50
—1.
ἀλλ' ἐμοὶ δεῖμα μὲν παροιχόμενον καρτερὰν ἔπαυσε μέριμναν. τὸ δὲ πρὸ ποδὸς ἄρειον ἀεὶ βλέπειν χρῆμα πάν I. 8.11
“ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν παύσατε· βροτέων δὲ λεχέων τυχοῖσα υἱὸν εἰσιδέτω θανόντ' ἐν πολέμῳ” I. 8.35 καλῶν μὲν ὦν μοῖράν τε τερπνῶν ἐς μέσον χρὴ παντὶ λαῷ δεικνύναι· εἰ δέ τις ἀνθρώποισι θεόσδοτος ἀτληκηκοτας προστύχῃ, ταύταν σκότει κρύπτειν ἔοικεν fr. 42. 3—5. ἀλλὰ [ βαρεῖα μὲν] ἐπέπεσε μοῖρα· τλάντων δ' ἔπειτα Πα. 2.. ταῦτα θεοῖσι μὲν πιθεῖν σοφοὺς δυνατόν, βροτοῖσιν δ ἀμάχανον εὑρέμεν Πα... τὸν μὲν Ὑπερβορ[έοις] ἄνεμος ζαμενὴς ἔμειξ[ ] ὦ Μοῖσαι, τοῦ δὲ παντεχ[ ] τίς ὁ ῥυθμὸς ἐφαίνετο; Πα... χάλκεοι μὲν τοῖχοι χρύσεαι δ ἓξ ὑπὲρ αἰετοῦ ἄειδον κηληδόνες Πα... Κρῆτα μὲν καλέοντι τρόπον, τὸ δ ὄργανον Μολοσσόν *fr. 107b. 2.* σῶμα μὲν πάντων ἕπεται θανάτῳ περισθενεῖ, ζωὸν δ' ἔτι λείπεται αἰῶνος εἴδωλον fr. 131b. 1.

b where sentences are joined.
ζώει μὲν ἐν Ὀλυμπίοις Σεμέλα. λέγοντι δ' ἐν καὶ θαλάσσᾳ βίοτον ἄφθιτον Ἰνοῖ τετάχθαι O. 2.25
— 30.
Ὀλυμπίᾳ μὲν γὰρ Πυθῶνι δ O. 2.48
—9.
τᾷ μὲν ὁ Χρυσοκόμας πραύμητίν τ' Ἐλείθυιαν παρέστασέν τε Μοίρας. ἧλθεν δ ὑπὸ σπλάγχνων Ἴαμος O. 6.41
κείνοισι μὲν ( κείνοις ὁ μὲν coni. Mingarelli) —.
αὐτὰ δὲ O. 7.49
—50.
Ἄλτιν μὲν ὅγ' ἐν καθαρῷ διέκρινε, τὸ δὲ κύκλῳ πέδον ἔθηκε δόρπου λύσιν O. 10.45
—7.
εἰ γὰρ ὁ πᾶς χρόνος ὄλβον μὲν οὕτω καὶ κτεάνων δόσιν εὐθύνοι, καμάτων δ' ἐπίλασιν παράσχοι P. 1.46

τοὶ μὲν ἀλλάλοισιν ἀμειβόμενοι γάρυον τοιαῦτ· ἀνὰ δ' ἡμιόνοις Πελίας ἵκετο P. 4.93
—4.
ὀρφανίζει μὲν, ἔμαθε δ P. 4.283
—4. τὸ μὲν ἔχει συγγενὴς ὀφθαλμὸς
αἰδοιότατον γέρας. μάκαρ δὲ καὶ νῦν P. 5.15
—20.
πολλοῖσι μὲν γὰρ ἀείδεται νικαφόροις ἐν ἀέθλοις. τὰ δὲ καὶ ἀνδράσιν ἐμπρέπει P. 8.25
—8.
τοιαῦτα μὲν ἐφθέγξατ' Ἀμφιάρηος. χαίρων δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς Ἀλκμᾶνα στεφάνοισι βάλλω P. 8.55
—6.
τὸ μὲν μέγιστον τόθι χαρμάτων ὤπασας, οἴκοι δὲ πρόσθεν ἁρπαλέαν δόσιν ἐπάγαγες P. 8.64

ποτὶ γραμμᾷ μέν αὐτὰν στᾶσε κοσμήσαις τέλος ἔμμεν ἄκρον, εἶπε δ P. 9.118
—9. θάνεν μὲν αὐτὸς ἥρως Ἀτρείδας. ὁ δ' ἄρα γέροντα ξένον Στροφίον ἐξίκετο (others join μέν with τ v. 33) P. 11.31—4.
ὁ δ' ὀρθὸν μὲν ἄντεινεν κάρα, πειρᾶτο δὲ πρῶτον μάχας N. 1.43

ἐν Τροίᾳ μὲν Ἕκτωρ Αἴαντος ἄκουσεν. ὦ Τιμόδημε, σὲ δ' ἀλκὰ παγκρατίου τλάθυμος ἀέξει N. 2.14

ἁ Νεμέα μὲν ἄραρεν μείς τ' ἐπιχώριος. ἅλικας δ ἐλθόντας οἴκοι τ ἐκράτει Νίσου τ ἐν εὐαγκεῖ λόφῳ N. 5.44
—5.
καὶ ταῦτα μὲν παλαιότεροι ὁδὸν ἀμαξιτὸν εὗρον. ἕπομαι δὲ καὶ αὐτός N. 6.53
—4.
χρεῖαι δὲ παντοῖαι φίλων ἀνδρῶν. τὰ μὲν ἀμφὶ πόνοις ὑπερώτατα, μαστεύει δὲ καὶ τέρψις ἐν ὄμμασι θέσθαι πιστόν N. 8.42

πεῖραν μὲν ἀγάνορα Φοινικοστόλων ἐγχέων ἀναβάλλομαι ὡς πόρσιστα, μοῖραν δ' εὔνομον αἰτέω N. 9.28
—9.
τὰν μέν ᾤκισσεν ἁγεμόνα. σὲ δ' ἐς νᾶσον Οἰνοπίαν ἐνεγκὼν κοιμᾶτο I. 8.19
—21. καὶ τὸ μὲν διδότω θεός. [ὁ δ]ἐχθρὰ νοήσαις ἤδη φθόνος οἴχεται Πα. 2.. χρῆν μὲν κατὰ καιρὸν ἐρώτων δρέπεσθαι, τὰς δὲ Θεοξένου ἀκτῖνας δρακείς, ὃς μὴ ποθῷ κυμαίνεται, κεχάλκευται (Hermann: με codd.) fr. 123. 1. ὃς μὲν ἀχρήμων, ἀφνεὸς τότε, τοὶ δ' αὖ πλουτέοντες fr. 124. 8. ἀπὸ μὲν λευκὸν γάλα χερσὶ τραπεζᾶν ὤθεον, αὐτόματοι δ' ἐπλάζοντο fr. 166. 3.

c where subordinate clauses are joined.
εἰ δ' ἀριστεύει μὲν ὕδωρ, κτεάνων δὲ χρυσὸς αἰδοιέστατος O. 3.42

ἐκέλευσεν δ' αὐτίκα χρυσάμπυκα μὲν Λάχεσιν χεῖρας ἀντεῖναι θεῶν δ ὅρκον μέγαν μὴ παρφάμεν O. 7.64
—5. ( φόρμιγξ) τᾶς ἀκούει μὲν βάσις, πείθονται δ
ἀοιδοὶ σάμασιν P. 1.2
—3.
τᾶς ἐρεύγονται μὲν ἀπλάτου πυρὸς ἁγνόταται ἐκ μυχῶν παγαί. ποταμοὶ δὲ P. 1.21
—2.
τῶ σε μὴ λαθέτω, Κυράνα, παντὶ μὲν θεὸν αἴτιον ὑπερτιθέμεν, φιλεῖν δὲ Κάρρωτον P. 5.25
—6. ( πάρφασις)
ἃ τὸ μὲν λαμπρὸν βιᾶται, τῶν δ' ἀφάντων κῦδος ἀντείνει σαθρόν N. 8.34

d where parts of sentences are opposed or joined.
ὃς σε μὲν Νεμέᾳ πρόφατον, Ἀλκιμέδοντα δὲ πὰρ Κρόνου λόφῳ θῆκεν Ὀλυμπιονίκαν O. 8.16

αἴνει δὲ παλαιὸν μὲν οἶνον, ἄνθεα δ' ὕμνων νεωτέρων O. 9.48
—9.
τέρας μὲν θαυμάσιον προσιδέσθαι, θαῦμα δὲ καὶ παρεόντων ἀκοῦσαι P. 1.26

πράσσει γὰρ ἔργῳ μὲν σθένος, βουλαῖσι δὲ φρήν N. 1.26

ὅσσους μὲν ἐν χέρσῳ κτανών, ὅσσους δὲ πόντῳ θῆρας ἀιδροδίκας N. 1.62

οἶον αἰνέων κε Μελησίαν ἔριδα στρέφοι ῥήματα πλέκων, ἀπάλαιστος ἐν λόγῳ ἕλκειν, μαλακὰ μὲν φρονέων ἐσλοῖς, τραχὺς δὲ παλιγκότοις ἔφεδρος N. 4.95
—6.
Αἰακόν, ἐμᾷ μὲν πολίαρχον εὐωνύμῳ πάτρᾳ, Ἡράκλεες, σέο δὲ προπράον' ἔμμεν ξεῖνον ἀδελφεόν τ N. 7.85

ὥρα πότνια τὸν μὲν ἡμέροις ἀνάγκας χερσὶ βαστάζεις, ἕτερον δὲ ἑτέραις N. 8.3

τρὶς μὲν, τρὶς δὲ N. 10.27
—8. “ ἥμισυ μὲν ἥμισυ δ” N. 10.87—8.
ἀνὰ δ' ἔλυσεν μὲν ὀφθαλμόν, ἔπειτα δὲ φωνὰν χαλκομίτρα Κάστορος N. 10.90

ἀλλ' ἐπέρα ποτὶ μὲν Φᾶσιν θερείαις, ἐν δὲ χειμῶνι πλέων Νείλου πρὸς ἀκτάν I. 2.41
κατὰ μὲν φίλα τέκν' ἔπεφνεν, αὐτὸν δὲ τρίτον fr. 171. πολλοῖς μὲν ἐνάλου ὀρείου δὲ πολλοῖς ἄγρας ἀκροθινίοις ( δὲ πολλοῖς Duebner: πολλάκις codd.) ?fr. 357.

e explicative, distributive.
ἄνθεμα δὲ χρυσοῦ φλέγει, τὰ μὲν χερσόθεν ὕδωρ δ' ἄλλα φέρβει O. 2.72

γλαυκοὶ δὲ δράκοντες τρεῖς, οἱ δύο μὲν κάπετον, εἷς δ O. 8.38
, cf. O. 13.58, P. 2.48
διδύμους υἱοὺς τὸν μὲν Ἐχίονα, κεχλάδοντας ἥβᾳ, τὸν δ' Ἔρυτον P. 4.179

Κάδμου κόραι, Σεμέλα μὲν Ὀλυμπιάδων ἀγυιᾶτις, Ἰνὼ δὲ Λευκοθέα P. 11.1
φυᾷ δ' ἕκαστος διαφέρομεν βιοτὰν
λαχόντες, ὁ μὲν τά, τὰ δ' ἄλλοι N. 7.55
“
ἀλλ' ἄγε τῶνδέ τοι ἔμπαν αἵρεσιν παρδίδωμ· εἰ μὲν, εἰ δὲ N. 10.83
—5.
ῥεέθροισί τε Δίρκας ἔφανεν καὶ παρ' Εὐρώτᾳ πέλας, Ἰφικλέος μὲν παῖς Τυνδαρίδας δὲ I. 1.30

f in enumeration

I μέν δέ δέ — (δέ..) στάδιον μὲν ἀρίστευσεν. ὁ δὲ πάλᾳ κυδαίνων Ἔχεμος Τεγέαν. Δόρυκλος δὲ. ἂν ἵπποισι δὲ. μᾶκος δὲ. ἐν δ — O. 10.64
ἐγγὺς μὲν Φέρης. ἐκ δὲ Μεσσάνας Ἀμυθάν. ταχέως δ' Ἄδματος ἶκεν καὶ Μέλαμπος P. 4.125
—6. κρέσσονα μὲν ἁλικίας νόον φέρβεται γλῶσσάν τε· θάρσος δὲ (δὲ Schneidewin: τε codd.)—.
ἀγωνίας δ P. 5.109
—113.
ἄγοντι δέ με πέντε μὲν Ἰσθμοῖ νῖκαι, μία δ'. δύο δ P. 7.13
—6.
ἡσυχία δὲ φιλεῖ μὲν συμπόσιον· νεοθαλὴς δ' αὔξεται μαλθακᾷ νικαφορία σὺν ἀοιδᾷ· θαρσαλέα δὲ παρὰ κρατῆρα φωνὰ γίνεται N. 9.48

μακρὰ μὲν. πολλὰ δ'. οὐδ Ὑπερμήστρα. Διομήδεα δ. γαῖα δ N. 10.4

τοὶ μὲν ὦν Θήβαισι. ὅσσα δ'. ἀνορέαις δ I. 4.7
—11.
ἐν μὲν Αἰτωλῶν θυσίαισι φαενναῖς Οἰνείδαι κρατεροί, ἐν δὲ Θήβαις ἱπποσόας Ἰόλαος γέρας ἔχει, Περσεὺς δ' ἐν Ἄργει Κάστορος δ αἰχμὰ Πολυδεύκεός τ ἐπ Ἐὐρώτα ῥεέθροις. ἀλλ ἐν Οἰνώνᾳ I. 5.30
—4.
τὸν μὲν ἄνδωκε δ'. ὁ δ I. 6.37
—41.
ἵπποι μὲν ἀθάναται Ποσειδᾶνος ἄγοντ' Αἰακ[ ] Νηρεὺς δ ὁ γέρων ἕπετα[ι ] πατὴρ δὲ Κρονίων μολ[ Pae. 15.2
σεμνᾷ μὲν κατάρχει. ἐν δὲ κέχλαδεν. ἐν δὲ Ναίδων. ἐν δ Δ. 2.. τοῖσι λάμπει μὲν μένος ἀελίου, φοινικορόδοις δ ἐνὶ λειμώνεσσι (δ supp. Bergk: τ Boeckh) Θρ.. 1. τεῖρε δὲ στερεῶς ἄλλαν μὲν σκέλος, ἄλλαν δὲ πᾶχυν, τὰν δὲ αὐχένα φέροισαν fr. 169. 30—2. ἀελλοπόδων μέν τιν' εὐφραίνοισιν ἵππων τιμαὶ καὶ στέφανοι τοὺς δ ἐν πολυχρύσοις θαλάμοις βιότα. τέρπεται δὲ καί τις fr. 221.

II in paratactic climax. ἄριστον μὲν ὕδωρ, ὁ δὲ χρυσὸς, εἰ δ' ἄεθλα (cf. O. 3.45) O. 1.1—3.
ἐμοὶ μὲν ὦν, ἐπ' ἄλλοισι δὲ, τὸ δ ἔσχατον O. 1.111
—3.
Πίσα μὲν Διός. Ὀλυμπιάδα δὲ. Θήρωνα δὲ O. 2.3

πολλὰ μὲν, πολλὰ δ'. ἅπαν δ εὑρόντος ἔργον O. 13.14

ἀρέομαι πὰρ μὲν Σαλαμῖνος, ἐν Σπάρτᾳ δ', παρὰ δὲ τὰν εὔυδρον ἀκτὰν Ἱμέρα P. 1.76
πολ]λὰ μὲν τὰ πάροιθ[ ]δαιδάλλοισ' ἔπεσιν, τὰ δ α[ ] Ζεὺς οἶδ, ἐμὲ δὲ πρέπει Παρθ. 2. 31. ἀπὸ Ταυγέτοιο μὲν. Σκύριαι δ. ὅπλα δ ἀπ Ἄργεος, ἅρμα Θηβαῖον, ἀλλ ἀπὸ Σικελίας fr. 106. ἁ μὲν ἀχέταν Λίνον αἴλινον ὕμνει, ἁ δ' Ὑμέναιον. ἁ δ Ἰάλεμον υἱὸν Οἰάγρου λτ;δὲγτ; Ὀρφέα (δὲ supp. Wil.) *qr. 3. 6.—10

IIIμέν. νῦν αὖτε δὲ. ἐν Νεμέᾳ μὲν πρῶτον νῦν αὖτε Ἰσθμοῦ. εἴη δὲ τρίτον σωτῆρι πορσαίνοντας Ὀλυμπίῳ I. 6.3—7.

g ὁ μέν ὁ δέ — ( ὁ δέ).
ἀλλ' ὁ μὲν Πυθῶνάδ ᾤχετ ἰὼν. ἁ δὲ τίκτε θεόφρονα κοῦρον O. 6.37
—41.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ πατρόθεν τὸ δ' ματρόθεν O. 7.23

ἐδόκησαν ἐπ' ἀμφότερα μαχᾶν τάμνειν τέλος, τοὶ μὲν γένει φίλῳ σὺν Ἀτρέος Ἑλέναν κομίζοντες, οἱ δ ἀπὸ πάμπαν εἴργοντες O. 13.58

ἀμφοτέροις ὁμοῖοι τοκεῦσι, τὰ ματρόθεν μὲν κάτω, τὰ δ' ὕπερθε πατρός P. 2.48

δόξαν εὑρεῖν τὰ μὲν ἐν ἱπποσόαισιν ἄνδρεσσι μαρνάμενον, τὰ δ' ἐν πεζομάχαισι P. 2.65

τὸν μὲν ἁ δ P. 3.8
—12.
ἄλλον ἀλλοίων ἀχέων ἔξαγεν τοὺς μὲν μαλακαῖς ἐπαοιδαῖς ἀμφέπων, τοὺς δὲ προσανέα πίνοντας ἢ γυίοις περάπτων παντόθεν φάρμακα, τοὺς δὲ τομαῖς ἔστασεν ὀρθούς P. 3.51

τὸν μὲν τοῦ δὲ P. 3.97
—100.
τὰ μὲν παρίκει· τῶν νῦν δὲ P. 6.43

Κάστορος βίαν σέ τε, ἄναξ Πολύδευκες, υἱοὶ θεῶν, τὸ μὲν παρ' ἆμαρ ἕδραισι Θεράπνας, τὸ δ οἰκέοντας ἔνδον Ὀλύμπου P. 11.63

ἀλλ' ἔσται χρόνος οὗτος, ὃ καί τιν ἀελπτίᾳ βαλὼν ἔμπαλιν γνώμας τὸ μὲν δώσει, τὸ δ οὔπω P. 12.32

τοὶ μὲν ὁ δ N. 1.41

διείργει δὲ πᾶσα κεκριμένα δύναμις, ὡς τὸ μὲν οὐδὲν, ὁ δὲ χάλκεος ἀσφαλὲς αἰὲν ἕδος μένει οὐρανός N. 6.3

ἁμέραν τὰν μὲν παρὰ πατρὶ φίλῳ Δὶ νέμονται τὰν δ' ὑπὸ κεύθεσι γαίας N. 10.55
ἀλλὰ
βροτῶν τὸν μὲν κενεόφρονες αὖχαι ἐξ ἀγαθῶν ἔβαλον. τὸν δ' αὖ παρέσφαλεν καλῶν θυμὸς ἄτολμος ἐών N. 11.29
ἁ μὲν ἁ δ' ἁ δ Θρ. 3.. καὶ τοὶ μὲν ἵπποις γυμνασίοισι λτ;τεγτ;, τοὶ δὲ πεσσοῖς, τοὶ δὲ φορμίγγεσσι τέρπονται, παρὰ δέ σφισιν εὐανθὴς ἅπας τέθαλεν ὄλβος Θρ. 7. 6—7. irregularly coordinated,
τὰ δ' ἄλλαις ἁμέραις πολλὰ μὲν ἐν κονίᾳ χέρσῳ, τὰ δὲ γείτονι πόντῳ φάσομαι N. 9.43
, cf. P. 3.51

h with anaphora.
πολλὰ μὲν πολλὰ δὲ O. 13.14
πολλὰ μὲν πολλὰ δὲ (Boeckh: μιν codd.) P. 9.123
ὅσσους μὲν ὅσσους δὲ N. 1.62

ἀλλ' ἀνὰ μὲν βρομίαν φόρμιγγ, ἀνὰ δ αὐλὸν ἐπ αὐτὰν ὄρσομεν ἱππίων ἀέθλων κορυφάν N. 9.8

τρὶς μὲν τρὶς δὲ N. 10.27

ἥμισυ μὲν ἥμισυ δὲ N. 10.87

εὖ μὲν Ἀρισταγόραν δέξαι εὖ δ' ἑταίρους N. 11.3
—4.
πολλὰ μὲν πολλὰ δὲ N. 11.6
—7.
χρὴ μὲν ὑμνῆσαι τὸν ἐσλόν, χρὴ δὲ κωμάζοντ' ἀγαναῖς χαρίτεσσιν βαστάσαι I. 3.7
—8.
ἀγαπᾶται, μέτρα μὲν γνώμᾳ διώκων, μέτρα δὲ καὶ κατέχων I. 6.71

διαγινώσκομαι μὲν, γινώσκομαι δὲ καὶ Pae. 4.22
ἐντὶ μὲν. ἐντὶ [δὲ καὶ] (supp. Wil.) Θρ. 3. 1. οἶδε μὲν βίου τελευτάν, οἶδεν δὲ διόσδοτον ἀρχάν fr. 137. 1.

i where the μέν cl. has concessive force.
σοφίαι μὲν αἰπειναί· τοῦτο δὲ προσφέρων O. 9.107

κώμῳ μὲν ἁδυμελεῖ Δίκα παρέστακε· θεῶν δ' ὄπιν ἄφθονον αἰτέω P. 8.70

ἦ τιν' ἄγλωσσον μέν, ἦτορ δ ἄλκιμον, λάθα κατέχει ἐν λυγρῷ νείκει N. 8.24
cf.
μὲν ἀλλά P. 4.139
; P. 6.23

k indicating comparison.
λέγεται μὰν Ἕκτορι μὲν κλέος ἀνθῆσαι Σκαμάνδρου χεύμασιν ἀγχοῦ, βαθυκρήμνοισι δ' ἀμφ ἀκταῖς Ἑλώρου δέδορκεν παιδὶ τοῦθ Ἁγησιδάμου φέγγος ἐν ἁλικίᾳ πρώτᾳ N. 9.39

l where μέν and δὲ clauses are irregularly balanced.
Ἱέρωνος ὃς ἀμφέπει σκᾶπτον δρέπων μὲν κορυφὰς ἀρετᾶν ἄπο πασᾶν, ἀγλαίζεται δὲ καὶ μουσικᾶς ἐν ἀώτῳ O. 1.13
οἱ ὤπασε θησαυρὸν δίδυμον μαντοσύνας, τόκα μὲν
φωνὰν ἀκούειν, εὖτ' ἂν δὲ Ἡρακλέης κτίσῃ, τότ αὖ χρηστήριον θέσθαι κέλευσεν O. 6.66

ὃς τύχᾳ μὲν δαίμονος, ἀνορέας δ' οὐκ ἀμπλακὼν O. 8.67

πολλὰ δ' ἀνθρώποις παρὰ γνώμαν ἔπεσεν ἔμπαλιν μὲν τέρψιος, οἱ δὲ O. 12.11

οὐ ψεύσομ' ἀμφὶ Κορίνθῳ, Σίσυφον μὲν πυκνότατον παλάμαις ὡς θεόν, καὶ τὰν Μήδειαν. τὰ δὲ καί ποτ ἐν ἀλκᾷ ἐδόκησαν ἐπ ἀμφότερα μαχᾶν τάμνειν τέλος O. 13.52
—5. πρύτανι κύριε πολλᾶν μὲν εὐστεφάνων ἀγυιᾶν καὶ στρατοῦ. εἰ δέ τις (v. G. P., 374) P. 2.58
διψῇ δὲ πρᾶγος ἄλλο μὲν ἄλλου, ἀεθλονικία δὲ μάλιστ' ἀοιδὰν φιλεῖ N. 3.6
—7.
ὁ δ' ἀποπλέων Σκύρου μὲν ἅμαρτε πλαγχθέντες δ εἰς Ἐφύραν ἵκοντο N. 7.37

χαίρω δὲ πρόσφορον ἐν μὲν ἔργῳ κόμπον ἱείς, ἐπαοιδαῖς δ' ἀνὴρ νώδυνον καί τις κάματον θῆκεν N. 8.48
—9 cf. N. 9.48
ἄνδρα δ' ἐγὼ μακαρίζω μὲν πατέῤ Ἀρκεσίλαν. εἰ δέ τις N. 11.11
“λίσσομαι παῖδα θρασὺν ἐξ Ἐριβοίας ἀνδρὶ τῷδε τελέσαι, τὸν μὲν ἄρρηκτον φυάν, θυμὸς δ' ἑπέσθω” I. 6.47—9.
μάτρωί θ' χάλκασπις ᾧ πότμον μὲν Ἄρης ἔμειξεν, τιμὰ δ ἀγαθοῖσιν ἀντίκειται I. 7.25
—6. σὲ δ' ἐγὼ παρά μιν αἰνέω μέν, Γηρυόνα, τὸ δὲ μὴ Δὶ φίλτερον σιγῷμι πάμπαν fr. 81 ad Δ. 2. πόλιν ἀμφινέμονται, πλεῖστα μὲν δῶρ' ἀθανάτοις ἀνέχοντες, ἕσπετο δ αἰενάου πλούτου νέφος fr. 119. 3.

m μέν δέ combined with other particles.

I
μὲν ὦν δέ. ἀρούραισιν, αἵτ ἀμειβόμεναι τόκα μὲν ὦν βίον ἀνδράσιν ἐπηετανὸν ἐκ πεδίων ἔδοσαν, τόκα δ αὖτ ἀναπαυσάμεναι σθένος ἔμαρψαν N. 6.10
cf. O. 1.111

II γε μὲνδέ, opposing two connected thoughts to what precedes; v. 4. infra. (Fortune, you guide ships and wars and councils).
αἵ γε μὲν ἀνδρῶν πόλλ' ἄνω, τὰ δ αὖ κάτω ψεύδη μεταμώνια τάμνοισαι κυλίνδοντ ἐλπίδες. σύμβολον δ οὔ πώ τις ἐπιχθονίων πιστὸν εὗρεν θεόθεν O. 12.5
ὕπατον δ' ἔσχεν Πίσα Ἡρακλέος τεθμόν. ἁδεῖαί γε μὲν ἀμβολάδαν ἐν τελεταῖς δὶς Ἀθαναίων μιν ὀμφαὶ κώ-
μασαν· γαίᾳ δὲ καυθείσᾳ πυρὶ καρπὸς ἐλαίας ἔμολεν N. 10.33

n fragg. τὶν μὲν [πά]ρ μιν[ ] ἐμὶν δὲ πὰ[ρ] κείνοι[ς Πα. 1. 1. λίγεια μὲν Μοῖσ' ἀφα [ ] μνάσει δὲ καί τινα Πα. 14. 32—5.

3 μέν balanced with particles other than δέ.

a μέν ἀλλά lang=greek>

I
τὸ μὲν Ἀρχιλόχου μέλος, φωνᾶεν Ὀλυμπίᾳ ἄρκεσε. ἀλλὰ νῦν O. 9.1

λέγοντι μὰν χθόνα μὲν κατακλύσαι μέλαιναν ὕδατος σθένος, ἀλλὰ ἀνάπωτιν ἐξαίφνας ἄντλον ἑλεῖν O. 9.50

ποταμοὶ δ' ἁμέραισιν μὲν προχέοντι ῥόον καπνοῦ αἴθων· ἀλλ ἐν ὄρφναισιν P. 1.22

ἀσθενεῖ μὲν χρωτὶ βαίνων, ἀλλὰ μοιρίδιον ἦν P. 1.55
“ ἐντὶ μὲν θνατῶν φρένες ὠκύτεραι κέρδος αἰνῆσαι ἀλλ' ἐμὲ χρὴ καὶ σὲ” P. 4.139
ῥᾴδιον μὲν γὰρ πόλιν σεῖσαι ἀλλ' ἐπὶ χώρας αὖτις ἕσσαι δυσπαλὲς δὴ γίνεται P. 4.272

πολλὰ μὲν ἀρτιεπὴς γλῶσσά μοι τοξεύματ' ἔχει. ἀλλ ὅμως καύχαμα κατάβρεχε σιγᾷ I. 5.46
—52, cf. fr. 106.

II μέν ἀλλά δέ δέ, in enumeration.
παρὰ μὲν ὑψιμέδοντι Παρνασσῷ τέσσαρας ἐξ ἀέθλων νίκας ἐκόμιξαν, ἀλλὰ Κορινθίων ὑπὸ φωτῶν ἐν ἐσλοῦ Πέλοπος πτυχαῖς ὀκτὼ στεφάνοις ἔμιχθεν ἤδη, ἑπτὰ δ' ἐν Νεμέᾳ, τὰ δ οἴκοι μάσσον ἀριθμοῦ, Διὸς ἀγῶνι N. 2.19
—24.

b μέν τε.

I
χαίταισι μέν ζευχθέντες ἔπι στέφανοι πράσσοντί με τοῦτο χρέος, ἅ τε Πίσα O. 3.6

ὄτρυνον νῦν ἑταίρους, Αἰνέα, πρῶτον μὲν κελαδῆσαι, γνῶναί τ' ἔπειτ O. 6.88

ἁδυμελεῖ θαμὰ μὲν φόρμιγγι παμφώνοισί τ' ἐν ἔντεσιν αὐλῶν O. 7.12

βλάστε μὲν ἐξ ἁλὸς ὑγρᾶς νᾶσος, ἔχει τέ μιν ὀξειᾶν ὁ γενέθλιος ἀκτίνων πατήρ O. 7.69

τίμα μὲν δίδοι τε O. 7.88

παρέσταν μὲν ἄρα Μοῖραι σχεδὸν ὅ τ' ἐξελέγχων χρόνος O. 10.52

αἱ δύο δ' ἀμπλακίαι φερέπονοι τελέθοντι· τὸ μέν ὅτι, ὅτι τε P. 2.31

ὁ θεῖος ἀνὴρ πρίατο μὲν θανάτοιο κομιδὰν πατρός, ἐδόκησέν τε P. 6.39

ὀφείλει δ' ἔτι θαμὰ μὲν Ἰσθμιάδων δρέπεσθαι κάλλιστον ἄωτον ἐν Πυθίοισί τε νικᾶν Τιμονόου παῖδ N. 2.9
ἦ μὰν ἀνόμοιά γε
δᾴοισι ἕλκεα ῥῆξαν τὰ μὲν ἀμφ' Ἀχιλεῖ νεοκτόνῳ, ἄλλων τε μόχθων ἐν πολυφθόροις ἁμέραις N. 8.30
—1. τὸ μὲν ἔλευσεν· ἴδον τ' ἄποπτα[ Δ.. 3. γόνον ὑπάτων μὲν πατέρων μελπόμενοι γυναικῶν τε Καδμειᾶν fr. 75. 11.

II μέν τε — ( και/τε.), in enumeration.
μιν αἰνέω μάλα μὲν τροφαῖς ἑτοῖμον ἵππων χαίροντά τε καὶ πρὸς ἡσυχίαν τετραμμένον O. 4.14
—6.
εἰ δ' εἴη μὲν Ὀλυμπιονίκας βωμῷ τε ταμίας συνοικιστήρ τε, τίνα κεν φύγοι ὕμνον O. 6.4

κτεῖνε μὲν κλέψεν τε ἔν τ P. 4.249
—51.

III irregularly coordinated.
ἀλλ' ἐγὼ Ἡροδότῳ τεύχων τὸ μὲν ἅρματι τεθρίππῳ γέρας, ἁνία τ ἀλλοτρίαις οὐ χερσὶ νωμάσαντ ἐθέλω ἐναρμόξαι μιν ὕμνῳ I. 1.14

αἰδοῖος μὲν ἧν ἀστοῖς ὁμιλεῖν, ἱπποτροφίας τε νομίζων ἐν Πανελλάνων νόμῳ. καὶ θεῶν δαῖτας προσέπτυκτο πάσας I. 2.37
ἐμὲ δὲ πρέπει παρθενήια μὲν φρονεῖν γλώσσᾳ τε λέγεσθαι *parq. 2. 34.

d uncertain exx. ἀείδει μὲν ἄλσος ἁγνὸν τὸ τεὸν ποταμόν τε ὤανον ἐγχωρίαν τε λίμναν καὶ σεμνοὺς ὀχετούς, Ἵππαρις οἶσιν ἄρδει στρατόν, κολλᾷ τε σταδίων θαλάμων ταχέως ὑψίγυιον ἄλσος ( κολλᾷ τε cum ἄρδει, Σ; cum ἀείδει μὲν Hermann) O. 5.10—2. [ μὲν — (coni. Hartung: μιν codd.: ὔμμιν de Jongh) τε (v. l. δέ) O. 11.17—9.] [κρέσσονα μὲν. θάρσος τε — (codd.: δὲ Schneidewin),
ἀγωνίας δ P. 5.109
—13.] [ θάνεν μὲν μάντιν τ ( θάνεν μὲν cum ὁ δ' ἄρα v. 34, edd. vulg.) P. 11.31—33.] [τὰ μὲν ἐν ἅρμασι καλλίνικοι πάλαι Ὀλυμπίᾳ ἀγώνων πολυφάτων ἔσχον θοὰν ἀκτῖνα σὺν ἵπποις, Πυθοῖ τε ἤλεγξαν Ἑλλανίδα στρατιὰν ὠκύτατι ( Ὀλυμπίᾳ τ codd., edd.: τ del. Pauw: Ὀλυμπίαθ Maas) P. 11.46] [ μὲν (codd.: ἔμμεν Turyn) N. 7.86] [ μὲν τε (v. l. δ.) Θρ. 7. 1—5.]

c
μὲν γε μάν. νῦν δ' ἔλπομαι μέν, ἐν θεῷ γε μὰν τέλος O. 13.104

d μὲν αὖτε. ( θεός)
ὃς ἀνέχει τότε μὲν τὰ κείνων, τότ' αὖθ ἑτέροις ἔδωκεν μέγα κῦδος P. 2.89
, cf. I. 6.3—7.

e
μέν ἀτάρ. οἱ μὲν κρίθεν· ἀτὰρ Ἰάσων αὐτὸς P. 4.168
Ἀπόλλωνι μὲν θ[εῶν] ἀτὰρ ἀνδρῶν Ἐχεκ[ρά]τει ?fr. 333a. 4.

f μέν καί καί. cf. 1. b supra. πρῶτον μὲν Ἀλκμήνας σὺν υἱῷ Τρώιον ἂμ πεδίον, καὶ μετὰ ζωστῆρας Ἀμαζόνος ἦλθεν καὶ εἷλε Μήδειαν fr. 172. 3—6.

4 γε μέν, yet cf. 2. m. β supra. “ νῦν γε μὲν” (byz.: μάν codd.) P. 4.50 τίν γε μέν (cf. G. P., 387) N. 3.83

Lexicon to Pindar > μέν

11 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

12 δίδωμι

δίδωμι, Il.23.620, etc. (late [full] δίδω POxy. 121 (iii A. D.)); late forms, [ per.] 1pl. διδόαμεν v. l. in J.BJ3.8.5, etc., [ per.] 3pl. δίδωσι ([etym.] παρα-) Id.AJ10.4.1, etc.; but thematic forms are freq. used, esp. in [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion., διδοῖς, διδοῖσθα, Il.9.164, 19.270,

A διδοῖ Od.17.350
, Mimn.2.16, Hdt.2.48, Hp.Aër.12 ([etym.] ἀνα-), A.Supp. 1010, etc., διδοῦσι Il.19.265
(always in Hom.), dub. in [dialect] Att., Antiph.156; imper. δίδου Thgn.1303
, Hdt.3.140, E.Or. 642, δίδοι Pi.O.1.85
, Epigr. in Class.Phil.4.78, [dialect] Ep. δίδωθι Od.3.380
; inf. διδόναι, also διδοῦν Thgn.1329
, [dialect] Ep. διδοῦναι Il.24.425
, [dialect] Aeol. δίδων Theoc.29.9
; part. διδούς, [dialect] Aeol. δίδοις Alc.Supp.23.13
: [tense] impf. ἐδίδουν -ους -ου, Ar.Eq. 678, Od.19.367, 11.289 ([dialect] Ep. δίδου Il. 5.165
), etc.; [ per.] 3pl. ἐδίδοσαν Hdt.8.9
, etc., ἐδίδουν (v.l. ἐδίδων) Hes. Op. 139, D.H.5.6 codd. ([etym.] ἀπ-), also ἔδιδον prob. in h.Cer. 437, δίδον ib. 328; [dialect] Ep. iter. δόσκον Il.14.382
: [tense] fut. δώσω 14.268
, etc., [dialect] Ep. διδώσω Od.13.358
, 24.314; inf. δωσέμεναι Il.13.369
: [tense] aor. 1 ἔδωκα, used only in ind., Od.9.361, etc., [dialect] Ep. δῶκα Il.4.43
: [tense] aor. 2 ἔδων, used in pl. ind. ἔδομεν ἔδοτε ἔδοσαν ([dialect] Lacon. ἔδον IG5(1).1
B1), and in moods, δός, δῶ, δοίην, δοῦναι, δούς; [dialect] Ep. forms of [tense] aor., subj. [ per.] 3sg. δώῃ, δώῃσι, δῷσι, Il.16.725, 1.324, Od.2.144; [ per.] 3sg. δώη, [dialect] Boeot. δώει SIG2858.17
(Delph.), IG7.3054 (Lebad.), δοῖ PPetr.2
.p.24; [ per.] 1pl. δώομεν Il.7.299
, Od.16.184, [ per.] 3pl. δώωσι Il.1.137
; [ per.] 3sg. opt. is written δόη UPZ1.4
, δοῖ IG14.1488
, etc.; inf. δόμεναι Il.1.116
, δόμεν 4.379
(also [dialect] Dor., Ar.Lys. 1163 ([etym.] ἀπο-) , δόμειν SIG942
([place name] Dodona)); Cypr. inf. δοϝέναι Inscr.Cypr.135.5H.
(also opt. δυϝάνοι ib. 6); Arc. part. ἀπυ-δόας IG5(2).6.13
([place name] Tegea); inf. δῶναι Schwyzer 666.2
(Orchom., iii B. C.), also in later Greek, BGU38.13 (ii A. D.): [tense] pf. δέδωκα Pi.N.2.8
, etc.; [dialect] Boeot. [ per.] 3pl. ἀπο-δεδόανθι IG7.3171.35
(Orchom.): [tense] plpf. ἐδεδώκει X.Cyr.1.4.26
:—[voice] Med. only in compds.:— [voice] Pass., [tense] fut. δοθήσομαι E.Ph. 1650
, Is.3.39, etc.: [tense] aor. ἐδόθην Od.2.78
, etc.: [tense] pf. δέδομαι Il.5.428
, A.Supp. 1041, Th.1.26, etc.; [ per.] 3pl. δέδονται E.Supp. 757
: [tense] plpf. ἐδέδοτο Th.3.109
:—give freely, τινί τι Od.24.274
, etc.: in [tense] pres. and [tense] impf., to be ready to give, offer, Il.9.519, Hdt.5.94, 9.109, Ar.Fr. 100, X.An.6.3.9, etc.;
τὰ διδόμενα
things offered, D.18.119
.

2 of the gods, grant, assign, κῦδος, νίκην, etc., Il.19.204, 11.397, etc.; of evils, δ. ἄλγεα, ἄτας, κήδεα, etc., 1.96, 19.270, Od.9.15, etc.; twice in Hom. in [voice] Pass., οὔ τοι δέδοται πολεμήϊα ἔργα not to thee have deeds of war been granted, Il.5.428, cf. Od.2.78; later εὖ διδόναι τινί give good fortune, provide well for.., S.OT 1081, OC 642, E.Andr. 750: abs., of the laws, grant permission, δόντων αὐτῷ τῶν νόμων Is.7.2
, cf. Pl.Lg. 813c.

3 offer to the gods, ἑκατόμβας, ἱρὰ θεοῖσιν, Il.12.6, Od.1.67, etc.

4 with inf. added, ξεῖνος γάρ οἱ ἔδωκεν.. ἐς πόλεμον φορέειν gave it him to wear in war, Il.15.532, cf. 23.183; δῶκε [τεύχεα] θεράποντι φορῆναι 7.149
: later freq. of giving to eat or drink, ἐκ χειρὸς διδοῖ πιεῖν Hdt.4.172
, cf. Cratin.124, Pherecr.69, etc.; ἐδίδου ῥοφεῖν Ar.Fr. 203
; δίδου μασᾶσθαι Eup. 253
; δὸς καταφαγεῖν Hegem.1
; τὴν κύλικα δὸς ἐμπιεῖν Pherecr.41
; δὸς τὴν μεγάλην σπάσαι Diph.17.7
; with inf. omitted, φιάλην ἔδωκε κεράσας Ephipp.10
; εὐζωρότερον δός Diph.58
; also of giving water to wash with, δίδου κατὰ χειρός (sc. νίψασθαι) Arched.2.3, cf. Alex.261.2.

5 Prose phrases, δ. ὅρκον, opp. λαμβάνειν, tender an oath, δοκεῖ κἂν ὀμόσαι εἴ τις αὐτῷ ὅρκον διδοίη Is.9.24
, cf. D.39.3, Arist. Rh. 1377a8; δ. ψῆφον, γνώμην, put a proposal to the vote, propose a resolution, D.21.87, 24.13: δ. χάριν, = χαρίζεσθαι, S.Aj. 1354, Cratin. 317; ὀργῇ χάριν δούς having indulged.., S.OC 855; λόγον τινὶ δ. give one leave to speak, X.HG5.2.20;
δ. λόγον σφίσι
deliberate, Hdt. 1.97
; οὐκ, εἰ διδοίης.. σαυτῷ λόγον S.OT 583
; δοῦναι, λαβεῖν λόγον, Arist.SE 165a27 (but δ. λόγον, εὐθύνας, render accounts, IG12.91, al.): δ. δίκην or δίκας, v. δίκη: ἀκοὴν δ. λόγοις lend an ear to.., S. El.30, etc.; δ. ἐργασίαν give diligence, = Lat. dare operam, OGI441.109 (Lagina, i B. C.), POxy.742.11: c. inf., Ev.Luc.12.58: abs., sc. πληγήν, λίθῳ δ. τινί PLips. 13 iii 3
; ἐμβολὰς διδόναι, ram, of ships, D.S.13.10.

II c. acc. pers., hand over, deliver up, ἀχέεσσί με δώσεις Od.19.167
; μιν.. ὀδύνῃσιν ἔδωκεν Il.5.397
; Ἕκτορα κυσίν 23.21
; πυρί τινα Od.24.65
; πληγαῖς τινά Pl.R. 574c
; ἔδωκε θῆρας φόβῳ Pi.P.5.60
.

2 of parents, give their daughter to wife, θυγατέρα ἀνδρί Il.6.192
, Od.4.7; also of Telemachus, ἀνέρι μητέρα δώσω 2.223
; τὴν.. Σάμηνδε ἔδοσαν gave her in marriage to go to Samé, 15.367, cf. 17.442; with inf. added, δώσω σοι Χαρίτων μίαν ὀπυιέμεναι Il. 14.268
: in Prose and Trag., θυγατέρα δ. τινὶ γυναῖκα Hdt.1.107
, cf. Th.6.59, X.HG4.1.4, etc.: abs., ἐδίδοσαν καὶ ἤγοντο ἐξ ἀλλήλων Hdt. 5.92
.β, cf. E.Med. 288; also δ. κόρᾳ ἄνδρα Pi.P.9.117
.

3 διδόναι τινά τινι grant another to one's entreaties, pardon him at one's request, X.An.6.6.31; διδόναι τινί τι forgive one a thing, condone it, E.Cyc. 296 (s. v. l.).

4 δ. ἑαυτόν τινι give oneself up, δ. σφέας αὐτοὺς τοῖσι Ἀθηναίοισι Hdt.6.108
, cf. S.Ph.84, Th.2.68; τινὶ εἰς χεῖρας S.El. 1348
; δ. ἑαυτὸν τοῖς δεινοῖς D.18.97
; εἰς τοὺς κινδύνους Plb.3.17.8
; εἰς ἔντευξιν Id.3.15.4
; εἰς τρυφήν, εἰς λῃστείας, D.S.17.108, 18.47: c. inf., δίδωσ' ἑκὼν κτείνειν ἑαυτόν S.Ph. 1341
.

5 appoint, establish, of a priest, LXXEx.31.6; δῶμεν ἀρχηγόν ib.Nu. 14.4; δ. τινὰ εἰς ἔθνος μέγα ib.Ge.17.20; place, τινὰ ὑπεράνω πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ib.De.28.1:—[voice] Pass., οἱ δεδομένοι, = Nethinim, ministers of the Temple, ib.Ne.5.3; ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς ἵνα .. orders were given them that.., Apoc.9.5.

III in vows and prayers, c. acc. pers. et inf., grant, allow, bring about that.., esp. in prayers, δὸς ἀποφθίμενον δῦναι δόμον Ἄϊδος εἴσω grant that he may go.., Il.3.322; τὸν κασίγνητον δότε τυίδ' ἴκεσθαι Sapph.Supp.1.2
; δός με τείσασθαι give me to.., A.Ch.18, cf. Eu.31; also c. dat. pers., τούτῳ.. εὐτυχεῖν δοῖεν θεοί Id.Th. 422
; θεοὶ δοῖέν ποτ' αὐτοῖς.. παθεῖν S.Ph. 316
, cf. OC 1101, 1287, Pl.Lg. 737b.

2 grant, concede in argument, δ. καὶ συγχωρεῖν Id.Phd. 100b
, cf. Arist.Metaph. 990a12, al.: c. inf., Id.Ph. 239b29; δ. εἶναι θεούς Iamb.Myst.1.3
; ἑνὸς ἀτόπου δοθέντος τἆλλα συμβαίνει Arist.Ph. 186a9
; δεδομένα, τά, data, title of work by Euclid; ἡ δοθεῖσα γραμμή, γωνία, etc., Pl.Men. 87a, Euc.1.9, etc.; δεδόσθω κύκλος Archim.Sph.Cyl.1.6
, al.; also in Alchemy, δός take certain substances, Pleid.X.69.

IV Gramm., describe, record, Sch.Pi. P.5.93, Sch.Il.16.207.

V seemingly intr., give oneself up, devote oneself, c. dat., esp. ἡδονῇ E.Ph.21
, Plu.Publ.13; ἡδοναῖς Philostr. VS1.12
; ἐλπίδι J.AJ17.12.2
; εἰς δημοκοπίαν D.S.25.8
;
δρόμῳ δοὺς φέρεσθαι
at full speed, Alciphr.3.47
.

Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > δίδωμι

13 ταμίας

τᾰμῐ-ας, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. [suff] τᾰμῐ-ίης, ου (rarely

A ταμία IG11(2).287
B100 (Delos, iii B.C.), 42(1).77.14 (Epid., ii B.C.)), ὁ: old [dialect] Att. dat. pl. ταμίᾱσιν ib.12.232.3, 237.56: [dialect] Aeol. [full] τομίαις dub. in Alc.87 ([full] ταμίαις acc. to Gramm.in PBouriant 8.16):—prop. one who carves and distributes, dispenser, steward, ταμίαι παρὰ νηυσὶν ἔσαν, σίτοιο δοτῆρες Il.19.44
, cf. Ar.V. 613 (anap.), Ostr.Bodl. i 304 (ii B.C.); τ. ἀνδράσι πλούτου Pi.O.13.7
(pl.).

2 of Zeus, as the dispenser of all things to men, Ζεύς, ὅς τ' ἀνθρώπων τ. πολέμοιο τέτυκτο Il.4.84
; τ. ἀγαθῶν τε κακῶν τε Poet. ap. Pl.R. 379e; οὐκ ἔστιν πλὴν Διὸς οὐδεὶς τῶν μελλόντων τ. S.Fr.590.4 (anap.); Ζῆνα, ὃς ὅρκων θνατοῖς τ. νενόμισται controller, E.Med. 170 (anap.); τῶν ὄμβρων καὶ τῶν αὐχμῶν τοῖς ἄλλοις ὁ Ζεὺς τ. ἐστίν Isoc.11.13
; also τ. ἀνέμων, of Aeolus, Od.10.21 (hence of the lungs, τῶν πνευμάτων τῷ σώματι τ. Pl.Ti. 84d): freq. in Pi., of kings or persons in authority, controller, director, τ. Κυράνας, Σπάρτας, P.5.62, N.10.52; τ. κώμων master of the revels, I.6(5).57; τ. Διός steward or priest of Zeus, O.6.5; ταμίαι Μοισᾶν, i.e. poets, Fr.1; οἶκος τ. στεφάνων that hath store of crowns, N.6.26; also ἳν δ' αὐτῷ θανάτου τ. Hes.Fr.11; γνώμης τ. (fort. γλώσσης) one that is master of his judgement, Thgn.504; ἀμφοτέρων (sc. νοῦ καὶ γλώσσης) Id.1186; [ φιλότητος] Id.1242; ἅμα τῆς τε ἐπιθυμίας καὶ τῆς τύχης.. τ. γενέσθαι controller both of his desire and of fortune, Th.6.78; τ. τριαίνης, of Poseidon, Ar.Nu. 566 (lyr.); ἁλὸς ταμίαι lords of the sea, Critias 2.12: abs., τὸν τ. Ἴακχον S.Ant. 1154
(lyr.).

II in Prose, controller of receipts and expenditure, treasurer, paymaster, τ. τῶν βασιλέος χρημάτων Hdt.2.121
.ά, cf. X.HG3.1.27; τ. τοῦ ἱροῦ controller of the sacred treasure in the citadel of Athens, Hdt.8.51; τ. τῆς θεοῦ Pl.Lg. 774b
, Decr. ap. And.1.77; τ. τῶν τῆς θεοῦ Lex ap.D.43.71: abs., Lys.9.6, Arist.Pol. 1321b33; οἱ τῶν τῆς Ἀθηναίας τ. IG12.91.18; ταμίαι ἱερῶν χρημάτων τῆς Ἀθηναίας ib.304.2; ὁ τ. τοῦ δήμου ib.22.102.12, etc.; βουλῆς ταμίαι ib.223C7: freq. in other Greek states, SIG249.9 (Delph., iv B.C.), etc.; παρὰ ταμιῶν Ἁλικαρνασσέων PCair.Zen.36.25
(iii B.C.), cf. 317 (a).17 (iii B.C.); τὸν ἐκ τοῦ ζυτοπωλίου τ. ib.202.2 (iii B.C.).

2 = Lat. quaestor, SIG700.4 (Lete, ii B.C.), D.H.5.34, Plu.Publ.12, etc.

Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ταμίας

14 Ἕλλην

Ἕλλην, ηνος, ὁ, Hellen, son of Deucalion, Hes.Fr.7.1.

II Ἕλληνες, οἱ, the Thessalian tribe of which Hellen was the reputed chief, Il.2.684.

2 of all Greeks, Epigr. ap. Paus.10.7.6, Hdt.1.56, Th.1.3, etc.; cf. Πανέλληνες.

3 Gentiles, whether heathens or Christians, opp. Jews, LXXIs.9.12, Ev.Jo.7.35, etc.

4 non-Egyptian (incl. Persians, etc.), PTeb.5.169 (ii B.C.).

5 pagan, Jul.Ep. 114, Eun. VS p.524B., Dam.Isid. 204, Cod.Just.1.11.10.

III as Adj.,= Ἑλληνικός, στρατός Pi.N.10.25
, etc.: with fem. Subst., Ἕλλην' ἐπίσταμαι φάτιν A.Ag. 1254
; στολήν γ' Ἕλληνα E.Heracl. 130
; Ἕ. γυνή Philem.55
; Ἕ. ἀληθῶς οὖσα, of fortune, Apollod.Car.5.10; Πυλῶν Ἑλλήνων D.18.304
: with neut.Subst., ἐν χωρίῳ Ἕλληνι Them.Or.27.332d
.

IV those who spoke or wrote Hellenistic Greek, opp. Ἀττικοί, ἄρτι· οἱ μὲν Ἀ. τὸ πρὸ ὀλίγου, οἱ δὲ Ἕ. καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ νῦν λέγουσι Moer. 68
, al., cf. POxy. 1012Fr.16; opp. οἱ παλαιοί, Moer.145.

Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > Ἕλλην

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